- Epilepsy-related features and investigations in patients who underwent vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) implantation (n=43).
| Variables | n (n=43) | (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age of seizure onset | ||
| < 3 Years | 28 | (65.1) |
| 4-6 Years | 11 | (25.6) |
| 7-9 Years | 2 | (4.7) |
| >10 Years | 2 | (4.7) |
| Classification of seizures | ||
| Focal | 9 | (20.9) |
| Generalized | 34 | (79.1) |
| Type of generalized seizures | ||
| Bilateral tonic clonic | 17 | (39.5) |
| Tonic | 20 | (46.5) |
| Myoclonic | 14 | (32.6) |
| Atonic | 13 | (30.2) |
| Absence | 7 | (16.3) |
| Atypical absence | 4 | (9.3) |
| Epileptic spasm | 2 | (4.7) |
| Focal | 8 | (18.6) |
| Etiology of epilepsy | ||
| Anoxic ischemic injury | 3 | (7.0) |
| Autoimmune (GAD65) | 1 | (2.3) |
| Focal cortical dysplasia | 1 | (2.3) |
| Genetic | 7 | (16.3) |
| Heterotopia | 2 | (4.7) |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 1 | (2.3) |
| Ischemic stroke | 1 | (2.3) |
| Meningoencephalitis | 5 | (11.6) |
| Occipital calcification | 1 | (2.3) |
| Unknown | 21 | (48.8) |
| Prior surgery for epilepsy | ||
| Corpus callosotomy | 15 | (34.9) |
| Frontal disconnection | 1 | (2.3) |
| Function hemispherectomy | 1 | (2.3) |
| Post. quadrant disconnection | 1 | (2.3) |
| Temporal lobectomy | 1 | (2.3) |
| EEG | ||
| Focal epileptiform discharges | 9 | (20.9) |
| generalized and multifocal | 34 | (79.1) |
| Brain MRI | ||
| Normal | 11 | (25.5) |
| Calcification | 1 | (2.3) |
| Cerebral atrophy | 7 | (16.2) |
| Encephalomalacia | 10 | (23.2) |
| Focal cortical dysplasia | 1 | (2.3) |
| Heterotopia | 4 | (9.3) |
| Hippocampal atrophy | 3 | (6.9) |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 1 | (2.3) |
| Ischemic insult | 1 | (2.3) |
| Leukodystrophy | 1 | (2.3) |
| Polymicrogyria | 1 | (2.3) |
| Schizencephaly | 1 | (2.3) |
| Temporal lobectomy | 1 | (2.3) |