Table 6

- The distribution of seizure types, TAND manifestations, and electroencephalography findings and epilepsy and TSC complications management profile across the study sample.

Variablesn (%)
Seizure Type
Generalized motor tonic-clonic seizure23 (37.7)
Mixed seizure22 (36.1)
Epileptic spasms20 (32.8)
Focal motor19 (31.1)
Unclassified seizure type14 (23.0)
Absence seizure9 (14.8)
Lennox Gastaut3 (4.9)
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy1 (1.6)
Other7 (11.5)
TAND manifestations
Learning disability32 (52.5)
Speech delay28 (45.9)
Intellectual disability27 (44.3)
Global developmental delay26 (42.6)
Social/ cognitive delay25 (41.0)
Fine motor delay11 (18.0)
ASD11 (18.0)
Gross motor delay10 (16.4)
ADHD9 (14.8)
Electroencephalography findings
Focal abnormality19 (31.1)
Focal frontal epileptiform discharges12 (19.7)
Focal temporal epileptiform discharges12 (19.7)
Focal parietal epileptiform discharges3 (4.9)
Focal occipital epileptiform discharges8 (13.1)
Generalized slow abnormality8 (13.1)
Other EEG finding7 (11.3)
Generalizes spike/wave epileptiform discharges6 (9.8)
3 Hz Spike wave discharges1 (1.6)
Epilepsy management profile
Anti-seizure medication45 (73.8)
Single anti-seizure medication18 (29.5)
Two or more anti-seizure medication27 (44.3)
Surgery for Seizure4 (6.5)
SEGA surgery3 (4.9)
mTOR inhibitors3 (4.9)
Vagus nerve stimulation1 (1.6)
Management of TSC complications
Surgery for Seizure4 (6.5)
Cardiac rhabdomyoma surgery1 (1.6)
Multiple retinal astrocytoma surgery1 (1.6)
Renal transplant1 (1.6)
V-P shunt insertion1 (1.6)