Conditioning magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum suppresses the motor cortex 5-8 ms later, probably through activation of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which inhibit the dentatothalamocortical pathway. To further characterize this pathway, we examined several factors that may modulate its excitability. We tested the effects of different test motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes, voluntary activation of the target muscle, and arm extension that required activation of proximal arm muscles while maintaining relaxation of hand muscles. Surface electromyography was recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. A double-cone coil centered 3 cm lateral to the inion was used for right cerebellar stimulation. The stimulus intensity was set at 5% below the threshold for activation of the corticospinal tract. A figure-of-eight coil was used for left motor cortex stimulation. Interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between 3 and 15 ms were studied. Small test MEPs of about 0.5 mV were markedly inhibited at ISIs of 5-8 ms, but there was much less inhibition for test MEPs of about 2 mV. There was no significant MEP suppression during voluntary activation of the FDI muscle or during right arm extension. Left arm extension did not affect inhibition. Our findings indicate that cerebellar stimulation has a much stronger effect on motor cortex neurons activated near threshold intensities than those activated at higher intensities. Activation of contralateral but not ipsilateral proximal arm muscles during arm extension reduced the excitability of the cerebellothalamocortical projections to the hand area of the motor cortex.