We present a complicated case of spontaneous cerebrospinal otorrhea, which had not been
cured despite undergoing 5 surgical interventions in the past. The disability to identify the …

While medical imaging data have traditionally been viewed on two-dimensional (2D)
displays, augmented reality (AR) allows physicians to project the medical imaging data on …

The increasing power of computers has led to the development of sophisticated systems that
aim to immerse the user in a virtual environment. The benefits of this approach to the training …

Conclusion. Our self-developed planning and navigation system has proven its capacity for
accurate surgery on the anterior and lateral skull base. With the incorporation of augmented …

Objectives: Virtual reality (VR) simulation for patient-specific pre-surgical planning and
rehearsal requires accurate segmentation of key surgical landmark structures such as the …

Introduction Current virtual reality (VR) technology allows the creation of instructional video
formats that incorporate three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic footage. Combined with 3D …

This article provides an overview of the current use of virtual reality simulators with emphasis
on preoperative planning. We evaluate the limitations of the technology, and discuss …

OBJECTIVE We have developed an interactive virtual model of the temporal bone for the
training and teaching of cranial base surgery. METHODS The virtual model was based on …

In neurosurgery and ear, nose and throat surgery the application of computerised navigation
systems for guiding operations has been expanding rapidly. However, suitable models to …

Methods The program was derived from a standard horizontal section of a human temporal
bone using a Siemens Somatom Plus 4 Tomograph. The slice thickness was 1 mm, the …