Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Demographic characteristics of 51 patients diagnosed with CVT in King Fahad Central Hospital, in Jazan region between 2010 and 2019.
Demographic characteristics Gender – Frequency (%) Total Male 16 (31.4) 51 (100) Female 35 (68.6) Age Mean±SD 31.25±14.55 34.29±9.69 33.33±11.38 Minimum 5 18 5 Maximum 55 57 57 Nationality Saudi 11 (68.8) 28 (80) 39 (76.5) Non-Saudi 5 (32.3) 7 (20) 12 (23.5) Chronic disease Hypertension 1 (6.3) 3 (8.6) 4 (7.8) Diabetes 0 (0) 2 (5.7) 2 (3.9) Asthma 1 (6.3) 2 (5.7) 3 (5.9) BMI Normal 4 (25) 12 (34.3) 16 (31.4) Underweight 2 (12.5) 0 (0) 2 (3.9) Overweight 9 (56.3) 9 (25.7) 18 (35.3) Obese 1 (6.3) 13 (37.1) 14 (27.5) Previous history of CVT 1 (6.3) 3 (8.6) 4 (7.8) Family history of CVT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) - Table 2
Clinical features, complications and prognosis of 51 patients diagnosed with CVT in King Fahad Central Hospital, in Jazan region between 2010 and 2019.
Variables n (%) Signs and symptoms Headache 39 (76.5) Seizure 23 (45.1) Vomiting 17 (33.3) Visual symptom 9 (17.6) Weakness 10 (19.6) Numbness 2 (3.9) Altered sensorium 1 (2.0) Speech difficulty 4 (7.8) Decreased level of consciousness 7 (13.7) Coma 2 (3.9) Cranial nerve palsy 3 (5.9) Papilledema 7 (13.7) *Mode of onset Acute 2 (3.9) Subacute 23 (45.1) Chronic 5 (9.8) Findings on clinical examination Upper limb weakness 9 (17.6) Lower limb weakness 6 (11.8) Upper limb numbness/loss of sensation 3 (5.9) Lower limb numbness/loss of sensation 4 (7.8) Cranial nerve palsy 2 (3.9) Normal 37 (72.5) Duration of symptoms and signs (Days): 25.63±53.53 Mean±SD Median= 5 Acute complications Venous infarction & hemorrhage 7 (13.7) Coma 2 (3.9) Subarachnoid hemorrhage 1 (2) Ophthalmoplagia 1 (2) No acute complications 39 (76.5) Chronic complications Epilepsy 13 (25.5) Focal neurological deficit 8 (15.7) No chronic complications 35 (68.6) Prognosis Complete recovery 34 (66.7) Recovery with disability 14 (27.5) Death 1 (2) ↵* Acute - within 48 hours, Subacute - more than 48 hours and less than 1 month, Chronic - More than one month
- Table 3
Recorded CVT risk factors of 51 patients diagnosed with CVT in King Fahad Central Hospital, in Jazan region between 2010 and 2019:
Risk factors n (%) Infection of head and neck 1 (2) Head trauma 1 (2) Anemia 26 (50.98) Dehydration 1 (2) Obesity 14 (27.5) Hypercoagulapathy status: Hereditary thrombophilia 2 (3.9) Protein C deficiency 8 (15.7) Protein S deficiency 29 (56.9) Anti-thrombin III deficiency 7 (13.7) Factor V Leiden mutation 1 (2) Anti-phospholipid syndrome 11 (21.7) Systemic diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease 1 (2) Thyroid disease 2 (3.9) Systematic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 1 (2) Female-specific risk factors: Pregnancy 2 (3.9) Puerperium 15 (29.4) Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) 8 (15.7) Hormonal Replacement Therapy (HRT) 1 (2) Unknown risk factors 8 (15.7) CVT - Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
- Table 4
Radiological features of 51 patients diagnosed with CVT in King Fahad Central Hospital, in Jazan region between 2010 and 2019.
Radiological features n (%) Used modalities CT scan 31 60.8 MRI 21 56.9 CT venogram 25 49 MR venogram 5 9.8 Parenchymal lesion Hemorrhagic lesion 15 29.4 Non-hemorrhagic lesion 24 47.1 Subarachnoid hemorrhage 2 3.9 No parenchymal lesion 10 19.6 Involved sinuses/veins Superior sagittal sinus 33 64.7 Inferior sagittal sinus 4 7.8 Transverse sinus 39 76.5 Sigmoid sinus 27 52.9 Straight sinus 10 19.6 Deep cerebral vein 1 2 Internal jugular vein 18 35.3 Cortical vein 2 3.9 Number of involved sinuses/veins One 14 27.5 Two 7 13.7 More than 2 29 56.9 - Table 5
Comparison between different studies conducted in Saudi Arabia to investigate clinical features of CVT.
City: period of records review [Reference] Jazan: 2010 -2019 Current study Khobar: 2008-201813 Jeddah & Al-Baha 1990-20107 Riyadh: 2005-200814 Number of patients 51 26 111 22 Mean age of patients 33.33 29.4 29.5 38.3 Most common clinical presentation 1-Headache
2-Seizure
3-Vomiting1-Headache
2-Unilateral weakness
3-CN palsy1-Headache
2-Focal neurological deficit
3-Seizure1-Headache
2-Seizure
3-Focal neurological deficitMost common risk factors 1-Protein S deficiency
2-Anemia
3-Puerperium1-OCP/postpartum
2-Infection
3-Trauma and hereditary thrombophilia1-Pregnancy /puerperium
2- antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
3-OCP1-OCP
2-Protein S deficiency
3-UnkownMost common involved sinuses 1-Transverse sinus
2-Superior sagittal sinus
3-Sigmoid sinus1-Transverse sinus
2-Superior sagittal sinus
3-Sigmoid sinusSuperior sagittal sinus 1-Transverse sinus
2-Sigmoid sinus
3-Superior sagittal sinusMost common type of parenchymal lesion on imaging Non-hemorrhagic lesion Hemorrhagic lesion Not mentioned Hemorrhagic lesion