Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Study population.
Tables
- Table 1
- The relationship between the clinical parameters of the seizure patients admitted to the ED with the frequency of admission.
Variables All Patients Single admission (n= 585; 67.5%) Frequent admission (n=282, 32.5%) P-value Age 43.8±19.50 44.77±20.27 41.64±17.66 0.021 Gender Female 432 (49.8) 275 (47) 160 (56.7) 0.007 Male 435 (50.2) 310 (53) 122 (43.3) Age group 18-29 266 (30.7) 178 (30.4) 88 (31.2) 30-45 239 (27.6) 148 (25.3) 91 (32.3) 0.061 46-65 197 (22.7) 136 (23.2) 61 (21.6) ≥65 165 (19) 123 (21) 42 (14.9) Number of seizures until the admission 1.44±1.06 1.36±0.93 1.59±1.26 0.009 Number of seizures until the admission No recurrent seizures (1) 686 (79.1) 480 (82.1) 206 (73) Recurrent seizure (≥2) 181 (20.9) 105 (17.9) 76 (27) 0.002 Seizure character First Seizure 215 (24.8) 203 (34.7) 12 (4.3%) <0.001 Known old seizure (remote) 652 (75.2) 382 (65.3) 270 (95.7) Type of seizure Generalized 731 (86.4) 498 (87.4) 233 (84.4) 0.319 Focal 94 (11.1) 57 (10) 37 (13.4) Indefinite 21 (2.4) 15 (2.6) 6 (2.2) Status Epilepticus 46 (24.8) 25 (4.3) 21 ± 7.4 0.051 Known Epilepsy 373 (43) 252 (43.1) 121 (42.9) 0.962 Liver function tests Normal 805 (93) 540 (92.3) 265 (94) 0.417 Abnormal 61 (7) 44 (7.5) 17 (6) Renal function tests Normal 784 (90.5) 526 (89.9) 258 (91.5) 0.503 Abnormal 82 (6.7) 58 (9.9) 24 (8.5) Electrolyte Abnormality 0.203 Normal 806 (93.1) 548 (93.7) 258 (91.5) Abnormal 60 (6.9) 36 (6.1) 24 (8.5%) Infection 0.002 Yes 167 (19.3) 96 (16.4) 71 (25.2) No 700 (80.7) 489 (83.6) 211 (74.8) Cranial tomography <0.001 Performed 545 (62.7) 397 (67.9) 148 (52.5) Not performed 322 (37.1) 188 (32.1) 134 (47.5) Accompanying Injury 0.011 Yes 69 (8) 56 (9.6) 13 (4.6) No 798 (92) 529 (90.4) 269 (95.4) AED Use No 245 (28.3) 229 (39.1) 16 (5.7) <0.001 Regular 328 (37.8) 164 (28) 164 (58.2) Irregular 294 (33.9) 192 (32.8) 102 (36.2) AED Blood level <0.001 No 512 (59.1) 381 (65.1) 131 (46.5) Sufficient 140 (16.1) 66 (11.3) 74 (26.2) Low 188 (21.7) 120 (20.5) 68 (24.1) High 27 (3.1 18 (3.1) 9 (3.2) AED - anti-epileptic drugs - Table 2
- The relationship between the comorbid diseases and possible causes of the seizure patients admitted to the ED with the frequency of admission.
Variables All Patients Single admission (n= 585; 67.5%) Frequent admission (n=282, 32.5%) P-value Comorbid status 417 (48.1) 263 (45) 154 (54.6) 0.008 Comorbid diseases HT 12 (1.4) 8 (1.4) 4 (1.4) 0.952 CKF 12 (1.4) 10 (1.7) 2 (0.7) 0.211 DM 26 (3) 18 (3.1) 8 (2.8) 0.846 CAD 23 (2.7) 20 (3.4) 3 (1.1) 0.043 Malignancy 122 (14.1) 76 (13) 46 (16.3) 0.188 Mental Retardation 52 (6) 31 (5.3) 21 ± 7.4 0.212 CVD 149 (17.2) 94 (16.1) 55 (19.5) 0.209 Possible causes of seizures Mental Retardation 24 (2.8) 14 (2.4) 10 (3.5) 0.332 Irregular drug use 301 (34.7) 203 (34.7) 98 (34.8) 0.998 Malignancy-Metastasis 73 (8.4) 48 (8.2) 25 (8.9) 0.748 Psychogenic trigger/stressor 57 (6.6) 40 (6.8) 17 (6) 0.652 Trauma 24 (2.8) 17 (2.9) 7 (2.5) 0.722 Metabolic/electrolyte 60 (6.9) 41 (7) 19 (6.7) 0.883 abnormality Infection 65 (7.5) 30 (5.1) 35 (12.4) <0.001 Alcohol 10 (1.2) 8 (1.4) 2 (0.7) 0.375 Medication Change 10 (1.2) 6 (1) 4 (1.4) 0.618 Cerebrovascular disease 82 (9.5) 68 (11.6) 14(5) 0.002 CNS infection 16 (1.8) 10 (1.7) 6 (2.1) 0.668 Unknown causes 145 (16.7) 100 (17.1) 45 (16) 0.674 Outcome Discharged 661 (76.2) 460 (78.6) 201 (71.3) 0.017 Hospitalization 206 (23.8) 125 (21.4) 81 (28.7) CVD - cerebrovascular disease, AED - anti-epileptic drugs, CNS - central nervous system HT - hypertension, CKF - chronic Kidney Failure, DM - diabetes mellitus, CAD - coronary artery disease - Table 3
- Risk factors affecting the frequency of admission in logistic regression analysis.
Variables B Wald OR (95% confidence interval) P-value Age 0.002 0.191 1.002 [0.992- 1.012] 0.662 Gender 0.130 0.595 1.139 [0.819-1.583] 0.440 Recurrent seizure 0.193 0.986 1.213 [0.829-1.775] 0.321 Seizure character 1.482 10.044 4.404 [1.761-11.015] 0.002 Comorbid status 0.704 14.489 2.021 [1.407-2.904] <0.001 CAD 0.156 0.043 1.168 [0.267-5.113] 0.836 Infection 0.333 2.525 1.396 [0.925-2.106] 0.112 Hospitalization 0.638 9.400 1.893 [1.259-2.847] 0.002 Accompanying Injury 0.699 4.019 2.013 [1.016-3.988] 0.045 AED Use 16.253 <0.001 Regular 1.623 15.215 6.068 [2.242-11.457] <0.001 Irregular 1.281 8.960 3.601 [1.556-8.332] 0.003 Blood AED level Sufficient 0.391 4.058 0.255 Insufficient 0.772 0.751 1.479 [0.610-3.583] 0.386 High 0.381 2.599 2.164 [0.847-5.532] 0.107 0.689 1.463 [0.596-3.594] 0.406 Possible etiology infection 0.022 2.599 1.022 [0.307-3.405] 0.971 Possible etiology CVD 1.016 0.689 2.763 [1.327-5.752] 0.007 CVD - cerebrovascular disease, AED - anti-epileptic drugs, CAD - Coronary artery disease
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