Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by gender among outpatients attending gastroenterology clinics in 4 hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The PHQ-9 score ≥10 was considered as depression symptoms, and GAD-7 score ≥10 was considered as anxiety symptoms. PHQ - Patient Health Questionnaire, GAD - Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Figure 2
Impact of depression and anxiety symptoms by gender among outpatients attending gastroenterology clinics in 4 hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The PHQ-9 score ≥10 was considered as depression symptoms, and GAD-7 score ≥10 was considered as anxiety symptoms. PHQ - Patient Health Questionnaire. GAD - Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Tables
- Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics by gender among outpatients attending gastroenterology clinics in 4 hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Characteristics, n (%) Female Male Total P-value Overall 135 (30.8) 303 (69.2) 438 (100.0) -- Age (years), mean±SD 35.2±12.4 36.1±12.7 35.8±12.6 0.508 Age groups (years) <25 31 (23.7) 62 (20.8) 93 (21.7) 0.764 25-44 63 (48.1) 153 (51.3) 216 (50.3) ≥45 37 (28.2) 83 (27.9) 120 (28.0) Marital status Single 37 (27.8) 86 (28.6) 123 (28.3) 0.025* Married 84 (63.2) 206 (68.4) 290 (66.8) Divorced or widowed 12 (9.0) 9 (3.0) 21 (4.8) Nationality Saudi 121 (93.1) 270 (89.1) 391 (90.3) 0.201 Non-Saudi 9 (6.9) 33 (10.9) 42 (9.7) Educational level Pre high school 31 (23.3) 26 (8.6) 57 (13.1) <0.001* High school 34 (25.6) 94 (31.1) 128 (29.4) College 63 (47.4) 141 (46.7) 204 (46.9) Post-graduate 5 (3.8) 41 (13.6) 46 (10.6) Monthly household income (SR) <5,000 24 (18.6) 50 (16.7) 74 (17.2) 0.938 5,000-9,999 35 (27.1) 79 (26.3) 114 (26.6) 10000-14,999 39 (30.2) 92 (30.7) 131 (30.5) ≥15000 31 (24.0) 79 (26.3) 110 (25.6) Occupation Unemployed 91 (72.2) 69 (25.1) 160 (39.9) <0.001* Blue-collar 3 (2.4) 50 (18.2) 53 (13.2) White-collar 32 (25.4) 156 (56.7) 188 (46.9) Residence Riyadh 118 (90.8) 266 (89.6) 384 (89.9) 0.703 Outside Riyadh 12 (9.2) 31 (10.4) 43 (10.1) Housing Owned house 93 (68.9) 192 (63.8) 285 (65.4) 0.352 Rented house 41 (30.4) 102 (33.9) 143 (32.8) Other 1 (0.7) 7 (2.3) 8 (1.8) Hospital KKUH 51 (37.8) 104 (34.3) 155 (35.4) 0.855 KFMC 19 (14.1) 50 (16.5) 69 (15.8) Dallah 44 (32.6) 104 (34.3) 148 (33.8) Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Arryan 21 (15.6) 45 (14.9) 66 (15.1) ↵* Significant gender-specific differences with p<0.05, KKUH - King Khalid University Hospital, KFMC - King Fahad Medical City Please note that all percentages are calculated based on available non-missing valid data
- Table 2
Gastrointestinal complaints by gender among outpatients attending gastroenterology clinics in 4 hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Variable, n (%) Female Male Total P-value Number of complaints None 2 (1.5) 4 (1.3) 6 (1.4) 0.726 Single 81 (60.0) 171 (56.4) 252 (57.5) Multiple 52 (38.5) 128 (42.2) 180 (41.1) GIT complaints Abdominal pain 71 (52.6) 182 (60.1) 253 (57.8) 0.144 Heart burn 34 (25.2) 94 (31.0) 128 (29.2) 0.215 Diarrhea or constipation 31 (23.0) 77 (25.4) 108 (24.7) 0.583 Appetite or weight changes 31 (23.0) 66 (21.8) 97 (22.1) 0.783 Nausea & vomiting 22 (16.3) 46 (15.2) 68 (15.5) 0.766 Others 24 (18.6) 42 (14.5) 66 (15.8) 0.292 Duration of complaints 1-4 weeks 17 (13.8) 54 (20.0) 71 (18.1) 0.027* 1-11 months 20 (16.3) 70 (25.9) 90 (22.9) 1-5 years 62 (50.4) 110 (40.7) 172 (43.8) 6-30 years 24 (19.5) 36 (13.3) 60 (15.3) Awareness of Current diagnosis 76 (56.3) 143 (47.2) 219 (50.0) 0.079 Causes of current symptoms 32 (23.9) 79 (26.1) 111 (25.4) 0.627 Diagnosis of Other medical diseases 44 (32.8) 76 (25.2) 120 (27.5) 0.098 A psychiatric disease 8 (6.0) 17 (5.6) 25 (5.7) 0.894 A serious disease in a family member 28 (20.7) 55 (18.2) 83 (18.9) 0.523 Distress because of symptoms Significantly 47 (34.8) 122 (40.3) 169 (38.6) 0.748 Average 53 (39.3) 111 (36.6) 164 (37.4) Limited 22 (16.3) 43 (14.2) 65 (14.8) Not at all 13 (9.6) 27 (8.9) 40 (9.1) Worry from serious disease Significantly 27 (20.0) 54 (17.8) 81 (18.5) 0.772 Average 38 (28.1) 81 (26.7) 119 (27.2) Limited 27 (20.0) 74 (24.4) 101 (23.1) Not at all 43 (31.9) 94 (31.0) 137 (31.3) Impact on daily activities Significantly 32 (23.7) 78 (25.7) 110 (25.1) 0.964 Average 45 (33.3) 102 (33.7) 147 (33.6) Limited 29 (21.5) 68 (22.4) 97 (21.9) Not sure 7 (5.2) 14 (4.6) 21 (4.8) Not at all 22 (16.3) 41 (13.5) 63 (14.4) ↵* Significant gender-specific differences with p<0.05, GIT - gastrointestinal. Please note that all percentages are calculated based on available non-missing valid data
- Table 3
Help-seeking behavior following gastrointestinal complaints by gender among outpatients attending gastroenterology clinics in 4 hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Variable, n (%) Female Male Total P-value First intervention Medications 85 (63.0) 210 (69.3) 295 (67.4) 0.291 Endoscopy 25 (18.5) 44 (14.5) 69 (15.8) Islamic incantation 8 (5.9) 10 (3.3) 18 (4.1) Herbs 2 (1.5) 13 (4.3) 15 (3.4) Surgery 2 (1.5) 4 (1.3) 6 (1.4) Others 13 (9.6) 22 (7.3) 35 (8.0) First place to seek advice Government hospital 37 (27.4) 62 (20.5) 99 (22.7) 0.194 Private hospital 43 (31.9) 106 (35.1) 149 (34.1) Government clinic 15 (11.1) 42 (13.9) 57 (13.0) Private clinic 36 (26.7) 75 (24.8) 111 (25.4) Quran therapist 3 (2.2) 3 (1.0) 6 (1.4) Traditional healer 0 (0.0) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.2) Others 1 (0.7) 13 (4.3) 14 (3.2) Previous places sought None 31 (23.0) 87 (28.7) 118 (26.9) 0.455 Single 65 (48.1) 136 (44.9) 201 (45.9) Multiple 39 (28.9) 80 (26.4) 119 (27.2) Previous places sought Governmental hospital 55 (40.7) 118 (38.9) 173 (39.5) 0.722 Private hospital 48 (35.6) 127 (41.9) 175 (40.0) 0.210 Governmental clinic 15 (11.1) 32 (10.6) 47 (10.7) 0.864 Private clinic 31 (23.0) 41 (13.5) 72 (16.4) 0.014* Quran therapist 15 (11.1) 14 (4.6) 29 (6.6) 0.012* Traditional healer 5 (3.7) 11 (3.6) 16 (3.7) 1.000 Number of previous places sought, mean±SD Governmental hospital 2.4±7.0 1.6±4.3 1.8±5.3 0.193 Private hospital 1.4±3.1 1.8±3.0 1.7±3.0 0.155 Governmental clinic 0.3±0.9 0.4±1.7 0.4±1.5 0.830 Private clinic 1.0±2.1 0.6±2.1 0.7±2.1 0.040* Quran therapist 0.5±1.6 0.2±0.7 0.3±1.1 0.011* Traditional healer 0.1±0.5 0.1±0.3 0.1±0.3 0.980 Factors of current hospital choice Hospital reputation 58 (43.3) 164 (54.1) 222 (50.8) 0.037* Health insurance 33 (24.6) 73 (24.1) 106 (24.3) 0.904 Positive experience 33 (24.6) 53 (17.5) 86 (19.7) 0.084 Relative hospital staff 17 (12.7) 27 (8.9) 44 (10.1) 0.226 Others 18 (14.1) 38 (13.1) 56 (13.4) 0.801 Satisfaction with overall services Totally satisfied 65 (48.1) 101 (33.3) 166 (37.9) 0.009* Somewhat satisfied 41 (30.4) 109 (36.0) 150 (34.2) Not sure 21 (15.6) 81 (26.7) 102 (23.3) Upset 7 (5.2) 11 (3.6) 18 (4.1) Very upset 1 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) Overall non-reimbursed cost of diagnosis and treatment Negligible 87 (72.5) 158 (58.1) 245 (62.5) 0.040* < 5,000 12 (10.0) 46 (16.9) 58 (14.8) 5,000-9,000 8 (6.7) 34 (12.5) 42 (10.7) >= 10,000 13 (10.8) 34 (12.5) 47 (12.0) ↵* Significant gender-specific differences with p<0.05. Please note that all percentages are calculated based on available non-missing valid data
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