Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- The literature search strategy and 7 original studies were selected from the databases of “PubMed”,“Springer”, and “Medline” according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria
- Figure 2
- The cerebrospinal fluid VLP-1 levels in AD patients are higher than that in non-AD participants including cont and MCI patients. VLP-1 - visinin-like protein-1, AD - alzheimer’s disease, cont - healthy control, MCI - mild cognitive impairment
- Figure 3
- The publication bias of included studies when comparing the cerebrospinal fluid visinin-like protein-1levels in alzheimer’s disease patients with that in healthy controls and MCI patients. MCI - mild cognitive impairment (MCI), SMD - standard mean difference, SE - standard error, MCI - mild cognitive impairment
- Figure 4
- Meta-regression on increasing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) visinin-like protein-1(VLP-1) in alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients relative to healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. A) Separate meta-regressions of mean age, B) and mini-mental state examination(MMSE) of AD patients, C) as well as standard mean differences (Std.MD) of MMSE, D) total tau (T-tau), E) phosphorylated tau (P-tau), F) amyloid beta 42 (Ab42) in AD patients relative to healthy controls and MCI patients on Hedges’s g comparing the CSF VLP-1 levels in AD patients with that in healthy controls and MCI patients were performed
Tables
Author Year Nation Mean age Mean MMSE scores Non-AD groups CSF VLP-1 (ng/ml) Sample Tec. Number AD Non-AD AD Non-AD AD Non-AD AD Non-AD Tarawneh 201511 USA 73.6(8.7) 72.1(3.3) 26(3.7) 29(0.8) Healthy 549(177.6) 396(66) MBI 23 64 Mroczko 201612 Poland NR NR 18(5.6) 29(1.5) Healthy 107(63.7) 41(60) ELISA 33 18 Mroczko 201612 Poland NR NR 18(5.6) 26(3.2) MCI 107(63.7) 70(25.7) ELISA 33 15 Kester 201517 Netherlands 65(4.8) 64(9.6) 22(3.4) 28(1.5) Healthy 182(48.8) 168(53.7) MBI 65 37 Kester 201517 Netherlands 65(4.8) 68(4.8) 22(3.4) 27(1.5) MCI 182(56) 192(73) MBI 65 61 Babić Leko201613 Croatia 72(8.2) 50(9.8) 20.1(4.6) 27.7(1.7) Healthy 147.9(84.8) 65.5(49.3) ELISA 109 9 Babić Leko201613 Croatia 72(8.2) 68(9.8) 20.1(4.6) 24.9(2.9) MCI 147.9(84.8) 98.7(80.3) ELISA 109 43 Luo 201314 China 68.1(7.6) 65.1(6) 12.1(3.9) 26.3(3.2) Healthy 72.1(21.2) 43(9.5) ELISA 61 40 Tarawneh 201115 USA 74.9(8.1) 72.1(7.1) 25.3(3.8) 28.9(1.3) Healthy 520(117) 396(149) MBI 98 211 Lee 200816 USA 67(6.8) 68.5(4.9) 23(4.1) 29.8(0.4) Healthy 368(129) 245(113) ELISA 33 24 Data were showed as mean (SD). MMSE - mini-mental state examination, AD - alzheimer’s disease, CSF - cerebrospinal fluid, VLP-1 - visinin-like protein 1, Tec - technique, MBI - microparticle-based immunoassay, ELISA - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, MCI - mild cognitive impairment, NR - not reported
- Table 2
Meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid Visinin-like protein 1 levels in AD patients relative to healthy controls and MCI patients.
Factors Number of groups weighted std.MD Heterogeneity Effect size 95% CI p-value I2(%) p-value VLP-1 10 0.81 0.47,1.16 <0.00001 84 0.00001 Ab42 10 -0.97 -1.34,-0.60 <0.00001 74 0.00001 T-tau 10 1.22 0.80,1.65 <0.00001 88 0.00001 P-tau 10 1.23 0.86,1.59 <0.00001 83 0.00001 MMSE scores 10 -1.94 -2.34,-1.53 <0.00001 85 0.00001 Age 8 0.37 -0.07,0.81 0.10 90 0.00001 Std.MD - standard mean differences, CSF - cerebrospinal fluid, Aβ42-amyloid beta42, T-tau - total tau, P-tau - phosphorylated tau, MMSE - mean mini-mental state examination scores, and mean age in alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients comparing with those in healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients were calculated by inverse variance weighted model in turns
- Table 3
Sensitivity analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid Visinin-like protein-1 (VLP-1) in Alzheimer’s disease patients relative to healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment patients.
Including condition Number of groups Weighted standard mean difference Heterogeneity Effect size 95% CI P I2 P Population variants Netherlands 2 0.03 -0.24, 0.29 0.83 59% 0.12 USA 3 0.99 0.78, 1.19 <0.00001 39% 0.19 Croatia 2 0.67 0.35,0.99 <0.0001 2% 0.31 Poland 2 0.86 0.42,1.29 0.0001 0% 0.40 China 1 1.65 1.18,2.11 <0.00001 NA NA Sample tec. ELISA 6 0.99 0.63,1.34 <0.00001 63% 0.02 MBI 4 0.59 -0.03,1.21 0.06 91% <0.00001 Type of cont. group Healthy control 7 1.02 0.68,1.36 <0.00001 74% 0.0008 MCI control 3 0.34 -0.22,0.89 0.23 80% 0.006 Standard mean difference of MMSE scores -1 to -2 6 0.71 0.27,1.15 0.002 85% <0.00001 -2 to -3 3 0.73 0.20,1.26 0.0007 68% 0.04 More than -3 1 1.65 1.18,2.11 <0.00001 NA NA Fixed-effect model 10 0.73 0.60,0.87 <0.00001 84% <0.00001 Sensitivity analysis had been carried out by subgroup analyses according to the including conditions which were the population variants, detection technique to VLP-1, standard mean difference (Std.MD) of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores comparing AD with controls, and the fixed effect model in turns. NA - Not Applicable. MBI - Microparticle-based immunoassay, ELISA - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
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