Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Subject characteristics among patients on National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) and those paying out of pocket (OOP). N=170
Variables OOP n=122 NHIS n=48 Total χ2 df P-value n (%) n (%) Age in years <40 9 81.8 2 18.2 11 40 – 49 14 73.7 5 26.3 19 1.007 4 0.909 50 – 59 29 69.0 13 31.0 42 60 – 69 31 68.9 14 31.1 45 ≥70 39 73.6 14 26.4 53 Gender Male 62 70.5 26 29.5 88 0.155 1 0.694 Female 60 73.2 22 26.8 82 Estimated monthly income in US dollars <100.00 87 74.4 30 25.6 117 1.889 2 0.389 100.00 - 200.00 25 69.4 11 30.6 36 >200.00 10 58.8 7 41.2 17 Time to presentation in hours <6 21 75.0 7 25.0 28 1.778 3 0.620 6 - 24 38 69.1 17 30.9 55 25 - 72 30 78.9 8 21.1 38 >72 33 67.3 16 32.7 49 Type of stroke Ischemic 71 69.6 31 30.4 102 0.585 1 0.278 Hemorrhagic 51 75.0 17 25.0 68 Number of risk factors* 1 39 70.9 16 29.1 55 0.041 3 0.998 2 36 72.0 14 28.0 50 3 36 72.0 14 28.0 50 ≥4 11 73.3 4 26.7 15 Duration of hospital stay in days ≤7 39 78.0 11 22.0 50 6.296 3 0.098 8-14 44 69.8 19 30.2 63 15-21 21 58.3 15 41.7 36 >21 18 85.7 3 14.3 21 Outcome Dead 18 75.0 6 25.0 24 2.272 2 0.321 Discharged 103 70.5 43 29.5 146 χ2 - chi square test statistic, OOP - out of pocket, NHIS - national health insurance scheme, *Risk factors evaluated include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, obesity, alcohol consumption, and smoking.
Variables Cost in $ Median (Q1-Q3) Cost in ₦ Median (Q1-Q3) Total* 183.30 (151.67-207.58) 83770 (69313-94863) Radiological investigations 85.45 (83.15-88.84) 39050 (38000-40600) Diets 24.07 (15.32-37.20) 11000 (7000-17000) In-patient care 18.05 (11.49-27.90) 8250 (5250-12750) Laboratory 25.82 (15.97-25.82) 11800 (7300-11800) Physiotherapy 25.32 (12.69-25.38) 11600 (5800-11600) Drugs 2.94 (1.75-6.12) 1345 (800-2798) Cardiac studies 4.49 (0.00-4.49) 2050 (0-2050) ↵* Skewness of this distribution is 1.888 and and kurtosis is 6.765
- Table 3
Comparing categorized hospital costs among patients on National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) and those paying out of pocket (OOP). N=17
Categorized hospitalization costs in UD dollars ($) OOP n=122 NHIS n=48 P-value* Median (Q1-Q3) Median (Q1-Q3) Total 182.98 (157.00-213.22) 144.67 (119.55-162.77) <0.001 Radiological investigations 85.45 (83.15-88.84) 83.15 (83.15-83.15) <0.001 Diets 25.16 (15.32-37.20) 24.07 (17.51-35.01) 0.983 In-patient care 18.87 (11.49-27.90) 0.00 (0.00-0.00) <0.001 Laboratory 25.82 (25.82-25.82) 6.56 (6.56-6.56) <0.001 Physiotherapy 25.38 (12.69-25.38) 25.38 (12.69-25.38) 0.795 Drugs 3.23 (1.75-6.08) 0.27 (0.14-0.62) <0.001 Cardiac studies 4.49 (0.00-4.49) 0.00 (0.00-0.00) <0.001 ↵* Independent samples Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the distributions; OOP - Out of pocket; NHIS - National Health Insurance Scheme
- Table 4
Comparing costs of neuroimaging with other radiological investigations in US $. N=170
Variables Neuroimaging Others P-value* Median (range) Median (range) OOP n=48 83.15 (83.15-83.15) 3.39 (0.00-5.69) <0.001 NHIS n=122 83.15 (83.15-83.15) 0.00 (0.00-0.00) <0.001 ↵* Independent samples Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the distributions; OOP - out of pocket, NHIS - national health insurance scheme
- Table 5
Comparison of cost of radiologic investigations in US$ across stroke subtypes. N=17
Stroke types N Median (Q1-Q3) P-value* n (%) OOP Ischemic 71 58.2 85.45 (83.15-85.45) <0.001 Hemorrhagic 51 41.8 88.84 (86.54-88.84) NHIS Ischemic 31 64.6 83.15 (83.15-83.15) 0.319 Hemorrhagic 17 35.4 83.15 (83.15-83.15) ↵* Independent samples Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the distributions; OOP - out of pocket, NHIS - national health insurance scheme
Country Setting Sample size Duration Total cost ImC HCC Nigeria HB 170 15 mths $183 $85 Imaging $16/day Japan13 HB 179 12 mths $6,887 $426 Bed & Staff Congo16 HB 90 6 mths €158 NS NS S/Africa18 CB 103 1 yr $283,465/yr $2,160 Inpatient Care Tanzania19 CB 16 6 mths $149,286 NS NS Togo20 NS 412 12 mths I: €430 NS NS H: €940 S/Korea17 HB 1,600 6 yrs $2,787 $1,075 Inpatient Care S/Korea21 HB 749 2 yrs $401/day $1,387 Laboratory Greece30 HB 429 18 mths €3,625 I: €3,215 NS H: €5,306 USA14 HB 191 6 mths $4,408 19% Inpatient Care Senegal22 HB 71 12 mths $157/patient NS NS Benin23 HB 122 7 mths $144.8-$9393.8 NS NS Italy24 HB 245 1 yr $3,289 NS NS $251/day Singapore12 HB 426 NS $5,031 14.5% Ward Costs Japan25 HB 316 4 yrs $7,874 13% Fundamentals Taiwan26 HB 360 1 yr $841/patient NS Ward/Physician $121/day Mths - months, Yr - year, ImC - imaging cost, NS - not stated, HCC - highest cost category, HB - hospital based, CB - community based, I - ischemic stroke, H - hemorrhagic stroke, S/Africa - South Africa, S/Korea - South Korea, B/Faso - Burkina Faso, $ - US Dollars, € - Euros
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