Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
The flow chart our the study To investigate the effects of different walking aids (single cane, bilateral forearm crutch and walker) on gait parameters and kinematic analysis of pelvis in patients having adult neuromuscular diseases.
Tables
Characteristics Mean±SD Age (years) 38.66±14.94 Height (cm) 169.22±8.94 Weight (kg) 66.66±16.09 Duration of diseases (years) 16.05±8.50 MFM (0-96) 71.61±9.75 RMI (0-15) 12.66±1.94 TCT (0-100) 76.33±20.95 Total of upper muscle strength (0-70) 45.63±7.23 Total of lower muscle strength (0-80) 35.47±6.54 Total of trunk muscle strength (0-35) 32.17±5.68 Distances of 2-MWT normal gait without walking aids 107.77±27.27 Distances of 2-MWT with single point cane 99.50±24.76 Distances of 2-MWT with bilateral forearm cructh 88.64±33.06 Distances of 2-MWT with walker 54.16±16.42 MFM - motor function measurement, RMI - rivearmead mobility index, TCT - trunk control test, 2-MWT - 2-minutes walk test, SD - standard deviation
Gait parameters Self control group (normal gait without walk aids) Single point cane Mean±SD M IQR 25-75 Mean±SD M IQR 25-75 Speed 65.57±15.29 64.70 48.37-74.75 54.35±10.75 52.40 45.67-61.85 Cadence 50.47±5.47 50.40 45.05-55.47 45.19±5.73 45.80 42.52-49.12 Stride length 1.27±0.21 1.26 1.13-1.41 1.21±0.20 1.19 1.05-1.28 Gait cycle duration 1.20±0.13 1.19 1.08-1.19 1.36±0.18 1.31 1.25-1.41 Left step time 0.60±0.06 0.59 0.51-0.67 0.67±0.09 0.66 0.62-0.71 Right step time 0.59±0.06 0.58 0.54-0.67 0.68±0.10 0.66 0.63-0.71 Left step percentage 50.21±0.81 50.20 49.87-50.75 49.43±1.72 49.80 48.75-50.30 Right step percentage 49.86±0.78 49.95 49.52-50.20 50.66±1.79 50.50 49.62-51.35 Stance phase 62.72±5.39 61.55 59.62-63.37 61.88±3.52 61.75 60.25-62.70 Swing phase 35.55±5.49 37.05 34.90-38.40 36.67±3.49 36.95 35.92-38.32 Double support duration 12.69±2.86 12.25 10.57-14.22 12.60±3.42 12.45 10.95-13.35 Single support duration 36.41 37.05 34.67-38.40 36.67±3.49 36.95 35.92-38.32 Gait parameters Bilateral forearm crutch Walker X±SD M IQR 25-75 X±SD M IQR 25-75 Speed 48.48±8.19 47.80 42.75-56.52 40.46±12.36 44.35 32.15-47.25 Cadence 38.12±10.55 41.70 36.67-43.27 32.36±11.24 35.05 21.82-40.97 Stride length 1.17±0.24 1.12 1.04-1.38 1.28±0.19 1.24 1.15-1.51 Gait cycle duration 1.50±0.24 1.42 1.36-1.55 2.91±1.10 1.71 1.46-2.78 Left step time 0.77±0.15 0.72 0.68-0.78 1.09±0.54 0.86 0.74-1.40 Right step time 0.74±0.12 0.71 0.67-0.76 1.06±0.51 0.85 0.71-1.31 Left step percentage 50.82±1.54 50.55 49.82-51.62 50.28±1.47 50.15 49.35-50.95 Right step percentage 49.40±1.03 49.60 48.45-50.20 49.30±2.09 49.85 48.10-50.67 Stance phase 63.05±5.97 61.10 60.32-63.17 64.85±6.09 63.30 60.30-67.62 Swing phase 36.37±5.05 37.30 35.87-38.32 33.92±6.19 36.20 31.70-38.35 Double support duration 13.35±5.22 11.95 11.00-14.05 15.41±6.14 13.25 10.87-17.60 Single support duration 36.37±5.05 37.30 35.87-38.32 33.92±6.19 36.20 31.70-38.35 SD - standard deviation, M - median, IQR - interquartile range
- Table 3
The results of different walking parameters with walking aids from self control group walking parameters as percentages.
Gait parameters Single point cane % Bilateral forearm crutch % Walker % Speed 20.64 decrease 35.25 decrease 62.06 decrease Cadence 11.68 decrease 32.39 decrease 55.96 decrease Stride length 4.95 decrease 8.54 decrease 0.78 decrease Gait cycle duration 11.76 increase 20.00 increase 58.76 increase Left step time 10.44 increase 22.07 increase 44.95 increase Right step time 13.23 increase 20.27 increase 44.33 increase Double support duration 0.71 decrease 4.94 increase 17.65 increase Single support duration 0.70 increase 0.10 decrease 7.34 decrease Distances of 2-MWT 8.30 decrease 21.58 decrease 98.98 decrease 2-MWT - 2-minutes walk test
Parameters Self control group The differences of groups Single point cane group Bilateral forearm crutch Walker P-value F P-value F P-value F P-value Speed 6.298 0.023* 20.409 <0.001* 25.263 <0.001* <0.001* Cadence 18.183 0.001* 24.193 <0.001* 41.118 <0.001* <0.001* Stride length 2.650 0.122 2.466 0.149 0.020 0.135 0.889 Left step percentage 3.193 0.092 4.137 0.040* 0.36 0.058 0.851 Right step percentage 3.107 0.096 2.481 0.051* 1.125 0.134 0.304 Distances of 2-MWT (m) 2.437 0.137 5.661 0.002* 74.968 <0.001* <0.001* ↵* Variance analysis, p-values are significant (p<0.0027), benferoni correction p/18. 2-MWT - 2-minute walk test, F - variance ratio test.
- Table 5
Comparison of gait parameters between groups for data with non-normal distribution.
Parameters Self control group (Wilcoxon test) The differences of groups (Friedman test) Single point cane Bilateral forearm crutch Walker Z P-value Z P-value Z P-value P-value Gait cycle duration -3.530 <0.001** -3.726 <0.001* -3.622 <0.001* <0.001* Left step time -3.322 0.001** -3.725 <0.001** -3.623 <0.001** <0.001** Right step time -3.534 <0.001** -3.729 <0.001** -3.621 <0.001** <0.001** Stance phase -0.588 0.556 -0.240 0.811 -1.810 0.070* 0.042* Swing phase -1.279 0.201 -1.113 0.266 -1.752 0.080* 0.032* Single support duration -1.184 0.236 -1.018 0.309 -2.083 0.037* 0.032* Double support duration - - - - - - 0.060 Pelvic extansion -1.635 0.102 -2.506 0.012* -1.166 0.244 0.040* Friedman test (*p<0.05) and Wilcoxon test (**p<0.0018), Benferroni correction p/27.
- Table 6
The results of different kinematic analysis of pelvis during walking with walking aids from the kinematic analysis of pelvis during normal walking (unassisted walking) as percentages.
Kinematic analysis of pelvis Self control group Single point cane Bilateral forearm crutch Walker Comparison with self control group (%) Mean±SD Single point cane Bilateral forearm crutch Walker Flexion of pelvis 1.08±0.90 1.29±1.11 1.78±1.62 1.71±1.16 20.00 increase 39.32 increase 36.84 increase Extansion of pelvis 3.08±1.57 2.73±1.53 2.47±1.47 2.61±1.84 12.82 decrease 24.69decrease 18.00 decrease Total range of fleksiyon-extansiyon of pelvis 4.15±1.71 3.94±1.30 4.26±2.31 4.31±2.37 5.32 decrease 2.58 increase 3.71 increase Right lateral flexion of pelvis 3.72±3.15 3.17±1.80 4.30±3.05 2.56±2.00 17.35 decrease 13.48 increase 45.31 decrease Left lateral flexion of pelvis 3.67±3.34 2.89±2.09 3.82±3.39 2.99±2.00 29.98 decrease 3.92 increase 22.74 decrease Total range of lateral flexion of pelvis 7.42±6.42 5.76±3.17 8.12±6.22 5.57±3.85 28.81 decrease 8.62 increase 33.21 decrease Right rotation of pelvis 2.42±2.41 2.58±2.81 3.20±2.71 2.37±1.77 6.20 increase 24.37 increase 2.10 decrease Left rotation of pelvis 2.59±2.00 1.77±1.11 2.61±2.21 2.19±1.76 46.32 decrease 0.76 increase 18.26 decrease Total range of rotation of pelvis 4.97±4.18 4.36±3.40 5.70±4.18 4.58±2.91 13.99 decrease 12.80 increase 8.51 decrease SD - standard deviation.
The questions of patients preferences Single point cane Bilateral forearm cructh Walker Nothing (%) Which walk aid was useful for you? (61.1) (27.8) (0.0) (11.1) Which walk aid was comfortable for you? (44.4) (27.8) (16.7) (11.1) Which walk aid did you feel more confident? (16.7) (22.2) (55.6) (5.6) Which walk aid would you prefer if you had to use it? (61.1) (22.2) (0.0) (16.7)
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