Prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerosis of extracranial vessels among hypertensive patients in southern Egypt: An extracranial duplex study

References

1. ↵
   1. Collaborators GBDN

   (2019) Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18, 459–480.
2. ↵
   1. O’Donnell MJ,
   2. Xavier D,
   3. Liu L,
   4. Zhang H,
   5. Chin SL,
   6. Rao-Melacini P,
   7. et al.

   (2010) Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet 376, 112–123.
3. ↵
   1. Hasan DM,
   2. Emeash AH,
   3. Mustafa SB,
   4. Abdelazim GE,
   5. El-din AA

   (2014) Hypertension in Egypt: a systematic review. Curr Hypertens Rev 10, 134–141.
4. ↵
   1. Chen R,
   2. Ovbiagele B,
   3. Feng W

   (2016) Diabetes and Stroke: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Pharmaceuticals and Outcomes. Am J Med Sci 351, 380–386.
5. ↵
   1. Niiranen TJ,
   2. Kalesan B,
   3. Hamburg NM,
   4. Benjamin EJ,
   5. Mitchell GF,
   6. Vasan RS

   (2016) Relative Contributions of Arterial Stiffness and Hypertension to Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc 5.
6. ↵
   1. Banerjee C,
   2. Chimowitz MI

   (2017) Stroke Caused by Atherosclerosis of the Major Intracranial Arteries. Circ Res 120, 502–513.
7. ↵
   1. Adams HP Jr.,
   2. Bendixen BH,
   3. Kappelle LJ,
   4. Biller J,
   5. Love BB,
   6. Gordon DL,
   7. et al.

   (1993) Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 24, 35–41.
8. ↵
   1. Li C,
   2. Engstrom G,
   3. Hedblad B,
   4. Berglund G,
   5. Janzon L

   (2005) Blood pressure control and risk of stroke: a population-based prospective cohort study. Stroke 36, 725–730.
9. ↵
   1. Carpenter M,
   2. Sinclair H,
   3. Kunadian V

   (2016) Carotid Intima Media Thickness and Its Utility as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Evidence. Cardiol Rev 24, 70–75.
10. ↵
    1. Mancia G,
    2. Fagard R,
    3. Narkiewicz K,
    4. Redon J,
    5. Zanchetti A,
    6. Bohm M,
    7. et al.

    (2013) 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 34, 2159–2219.
11. ↵
    1. Grant EG,
    2. Benson CB,
    3. Moneta GL,
    4. Alexandrov AV,
    5. Baker JD,
    6. Bluth EI,
    7. et al.

    (2003) Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis—Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference. Radiology 229, 340–346.
12. ↵
    1. Oates CP,
    2. Naylor AR,
    3. Hartshorne T,
    4. Charles SM,
    5. Fail T,
    6. Humphries K,
    7. et al.

    (2009) Joint recommendations for reporting carotid ultrasound investigations in the United Kingdom. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 37, 251–261.
13. ↵
    1. Polak JF

    (2001) Carotid ultrasound. Radiol Clin North Am 39, 569–589.
14. ↵
    1. Chien KL,
    2. Tu YK,
    3. Hsu HC,
    4. Su TC,
    5. Lin HJ,
    6. Chen MF,
    7. et al.

    (2012) Differential effects of the changes of LDL cholesterol and systolic blood pressure on the risk of carotid artery atherosclerosis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 12, 66.
15. ↵
    1. Zhao XX,
    2. Liu J,
    3. Zhao H,
    4. Zhou Y,
    5. Li L,
    6. Wang H

    (2019) The effect of cardiovascular risk factors on the carotid intima-media thickness in an old-aged cohort with hypertension: a longitudinal evolution with 4-year follow-up of a random clinical trial. Clin Exp Hypertens 41, 49–57.
16. ↵
    1. Grau M,
    2. Subirana I,
    3. Marrugat J,
    4. Elosua R

    (2013) Percentiles of carotid intima-media thickness in a Spanish population with and without cardiovascular risk factors. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 66, 749–751.
17. ↵
    1. Curcio S,
    2. Garcia-Espinosa V,
    3. Castro JM,
    4. Peluso G,
    5. Marotta M,
    6. Arana M,
    7. et al.

    (2017) High Blood Pressure States in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults Associate Accelerated Vascular Aging, with a Higher Impact in Females’ Arterial Properties. Pediatr Cardiol 38, 840–852.
18. ↵
    1. Kaul S,
    2. Alladi S,
    3. Mridula RK,
    4. Bandaru SVCS,
    5. Boddu DB,
    6. Anjanikumar D,
    7. et al.

    (2015) Prevalence and risk factors of carotid intima-media thickness in asymptomatic individual subjects in a tertiary care center in India. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 18, 430–434.
19. ↵
    1. Loboz-Rudnicka M,
    2. Jaroch J,
    3. Bociaga Z,
    4. Rzyczkowska B,
    5. Uchmanowicz I,
    6. Polanski J,
    7. et al.

    (2016) Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on carotid intima-media thickness: sex differences. Clin Interv Aging 11, 721–731.
20. ↵
    1. Elwan S,
    2. Tawfik TZ,
    3. Assal HS,
    4. El-Jaafary S,
    5. Hegazy MM,
    6. Tawfik S,
    7. et al.

    (2016) Prevalence of Cerebral Atherosclerosis among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Case Control Study on Egyptian Subjects. World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 6, 8–13.
21. ↵
    1. Abd Allah F,
    2. Baligh E,
    3. Ibrahim M

    (2010) Clinical relevance of carotid atherosclerosis among Egyptians: a 5-year retrospective analysis of 4, 733 subjects. Neuroepidemiology 35, 275–279.
22. ↵
    1. Fine-Edelstein JS,
    2. Wolf PA,
    3. O’Leary DH,
    4. Poehlman H,
    5. Belanger AJ,
    6. Kase CS,
    7. et al.

    (1994) Precursors of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in the Framingham Study. Neurology 44, 1046–1050.
23. ↵
    1. O’Leary DH,
    2. Polak JF,
    3. Kronmal RA,
    4. Kittner SJ,
    5. Bond MG,
    6. Wolfson SK Jr..,
    7. et al.

    (1992) Distribution and correlates of sonographically detected carotid artery disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. The CHS Collaborative Research Group. Stroke 23, 1752–1760.
24. ↵
    1. Milio G,
    2. Corrado E,
    3. Sorrentino D,
    4. Muratori I,
    5. La Carrubba S,
    6. Mazzola G,
    7. et al.

    (2006) Asymptomatic carotid lesions and aging: Role of hypertension and other traditional and emerging risk factors. Arch Med Res 37, 342–347.