Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Change in serum uric acid (sUA) level and 24-hour urine uric acid level (UUA). A) sUA decreased after traumatic brain injury or cerebral tumor surgery. The TBI group and cerebral tumor surgery group were compared with the control group respectively. Dashed lines are the normal range of sUA. ***p<0.001. B) No significant change was found in the TBI group or cerebral tumor surgery group compared with the control group. TBI - traumatic brain injury
- Figure 2
Change in urine allantoin on day 3 after TBI. A) Allantoin in 24-hour urine. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. ***p=0.0003. B) Allantoin concentration normalized to urine creatine. Data are presented as the median and quartile. *p=0.0338. C) Ratio of allantoin and sUA **p=0.0063. D) Correlation between allantoin and sUA. TBI - traumatic brain injury. sUA - serum uric acid. UCr - urine creatine
Tables
Variables Control group (n=49) TBI group (n=32) Cerebral tumor surgery group (n=19) P-value* Age (years) 50(10) 47(22) 43(24) 0.0093 Female sex, n(%) 34(69) 12(40) 10(52) 0.0603 BMI (kg/m2) 23.86±2.37 22.29±2.58 23.22±3.70 0.0931 Diagnosis, n(%) NA Peripheral vertigo 10(20) Anxiety or depression status 21(43) Peripheral nerve disease 6(12) Thyroid disorder 6(12) Subarachnoid hemorrhage 23(72) Subdural hemorrhage 15(47) Extradural hemorrhage 8(25) Intracranial hematoma 16(50) Meningioma 5(26) Hypophysoma 7(37) Initial sUA (µmol/L) 286.8±65.4 271.7±81.9 0.0809 Baseline sUA (µmol/L) 301.9±49.0 ALT (IU/L) 27.5±24.4 27.9±17.6 35.1±26.1 0.5017 AST (IU/L) (13-35 IU/L)** 22.7±9.8 41.9±34.8 26.8±12.9 0.0014 TP (g/L) (65-85 g/L)** 65.3±6.0 61.3±10.9 68.2±5.6 0.0159 ALB (g/L) 40.9±3.6 37.7±6.7 42.8±2.1 0.0013 GLB (g/L) 24.3±3.7 23.6±5.5 25.4±5.0 0.4711 Cr (µmol/L) 56.2±14.5 64.5±14.7 64.9±20.6 0.0251 Cys (mg/L) 0.87±0.20 0.76±0.23 0.94±0.21 0.0138 BUN (mmol/L) 4.80±1.39 4.81±1.59 4.76±1.91 0.9927 TGs (mmol/L) 2.00±1.74 1.11±0.92 1.27±0.88 0.0185 Cho (mmol/L) 4.08±1.07 3.42±1.10 4.37±1.60 0.0202 Serum electrolyte level Na+ (mmol/L) 140.9±2.1 140.4±5.4 140.8±2.8 0.8637 K+ (mmol/L) 4.30±0.30 3.75±0.47 4.09±0.41 <0.0001 Ca2+ (mmol/L) 2.21±0.11 2.06±0.15 2.28±0.06 <0.0001 Mg2+ (mmol/L) 0.85±0.07 0.76±0.10 0.83±0.06 <0.0001 Cl- (mmol/L) 102.9±2.7 104.1±9.1 101.7±3.7 0.3320 HCO3- (mmol/L) 24.2±3.0 19.4±3.0 24.4±1.9 <0.0001 Phos (mmol/L) 1.11±0.19 0.83±0.22 1.15±0.18 <0.0001 Categorical data are n(%) and continuous data are mean±SD, median (IQR). NA - not applicable.
↵* P-value for patients between three groups;
↵** Reference ranges were showing when the subject demographics showing abnormal. BMI - body mass index; ALT - alanine transaminase; AST - aspartate transaminase; TP - serum total protein; ALB - albumin; GLB - globulin; Cr - serum creatinine; Cys - serum cysteine; BUN - blood urea nitrogen; TGs - triglycerides; Cho - cholesterol; Na+- serum sodium concentrations; K+- serum potassium concentrations; Cl-- serum chlorine concentrations; HCO3-- serum bicarbonate radical; Ca2+- serum calcium; Mg2+- serum magnesium; Phos - serum phosphate radical
Variables Control group TBI group Cerebral tumor surgery group *P-value GCS 15(0) 9.5(7) 15(0) <0.0001 ALT (IU/L) 30.8±32.7 33.3±22.6 24.3±18.6 0.1435 AST (IU/L) 23.7±15.8 48.7±31.3 19.7±15.9 <0.0001 TP (g/L) 63.4±5.1 54.2±6.3 58.6±6.2 <0.0001 ALB (g/L) 40.7±3.8 31.2±4.4 35.6±4.8 <0.0001 GLB (g/L) 22.6±3.2 23.0±3.2 23.0±2.7 0.9001 TBIL (µmol/L) 11.29±6.30 13.47±5.79 13.90±7.07 0.2899 Glu (mmol/L) 4.61±0.48 7.55±2.28 5.83±0.99 <0.0001 Cr (µmol/L) 60.9±15.3 62.7±20.7 58.1±21.3 0.7311 Cys (mg/L) 0.89±0.20 0.78±0.26 0.88±0.20 0.1105 BUN (mmol/L) 4.55±1.64 4.59±1.97 4.84±1.51 0.8528 Lipid metabolism TGs (mmol/L) 1.87±1.20 1.31±0.64 0.89±0.38 0.0014 Cho (mmol/L) 4.09±1.14 3.48±0.80 4.12±1.38 0.0583 Urine parameters UpH 6.07±0.89 6.80±0.73 7.27±0.53 0.0034 SPGR 1.015±0.004 1.023±0.012 1.012±0.007 0.0053 UNa+ (mmol/24h) 268.0±95.7 291.2±167.0 325.5±204.6 0.3874 UK+ (mmol/24h) 42.60±21.88 83.36±41.83 43.94±18.58 <0.0001 UCl- (mmol/24h) 244.7±104.6 319.0±160.8 273.6±171.8 0.1566 Serum electrolyte level Na+ (mmol/L) 141.2±2.6 144.5±8.1 138.7±4.4 0.0055 K+ (mmol/L) 4.11±0.32 3.96±0.41 3.83±0.69 0.1378 Ca2+ (mmol/L) 2.19±0.10 2.01±0.08 2.12±0.10 <0.0001 Mg2+ (mmol/L) 0.86±0.06 0.89±0.08 0.87±0.07 0.1810 Cl- (mmol/L) 102.2±3.6 107.2±9.3 99.3±3.9 0.0003 HCO3- (mmol/L) 24.7±2.5 24.1±3.6 24.7±3.1 0.7620 Phos (mmol/L) 1.17±0.19 0.80±0.22 1.08±0.22 <0.0001 Catecholamine NE (ng/L) 220(139) 305(275) 72.5(78) <0.0001 E (ng/L) 92(53) 77(59) 52.5(57) 0.0251 Continuous data are mean±SD, median (IQR).
↵* P-value for patients between three groups. GCS - Glasgow Coma Scale, ALT - alanine transaminase, AST - aspartate transaminase, TP - serum total protein, ALB - albumin, GLB - globulin, TBIL - total bilirubin, Glu - fasting blood glucose, Cr - serum creatinine, Cys - serum cysteine, BUN - blood urea nitrogen, UpH - pH in urine, SPGR - specific gravity of urine, UNa+ - 24-hour urine sodium concentrations, UK+ - 24-hour urine potassium concentrations, UCl- - 24-hour urine chlorine concentrations, TGs - triglycerides, Cho - cholesterol, Na+ - serum sodium concentrations, K+ - serum potassium concentrations, Ca2+ - serum calcium, Mg2+ - serum magnesium, Cl- - serum chlorine concentrations, HCO3- - serum bicarbonate radical, Phos - serum phosphate radical, NE - serum norepinephrine, E - serum epinephrine
Variables Coefficient P-value GCS 0.5383 <0.0001 Protein nutrition status TP 0.52546 <0.0001 ALB 0.58836 <0.0001 Glu -0.57723 <0.0001 Renal function Cys 0.41582 0.0001 Cr 0.27199 0.0147 UK+ -0.27282 0.0319 Serum electrolyte level Ca2+ 0.61157 <0.0001 Phos 0.53801 <0.0001 Catecholamine NE 0.11140 0.3658 E 0.27420 0.0216 TP - serum total protein; ALB - albumin; Glu - fasting blood glucose; Cys - serum cysteine; Cr - serum creatinine; UK+- 24-hour urine potassium concentrations; Ca2+- serum calcium; Mg2+- serum magnesium; Phos - serum phosphate radical; NE - serum norepinephrine; E - serum epinephrine
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