Abstract
Objectives: To identify demographic characteristics, and types of stroke in Southwestern (Aseer) Region, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: This study is a retrospective and hospital-based. The data of all stroke patients (n=562) admitted to the tertiary care hospital in the province, Aseer Central Hospital (ACH) within the period from January 2016 until December 2017 are included.
Results: The mean ± SD of stoke patients’ age was 62.6 ± 17.0 years. Male patients were more than female patients (62.6% and 37.4%, respectively). The majority (93.2%) were Saudi, while 91.5% had below university education and 6.4% were smokers. Interestingly, only 2% of patients had a family history of stroke, while 68.1% were diabetic, 80.4% were hypertensive, 91.6% had high serum cholesterol level, and 10.7% had history of transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Despite the lack of awareness, and leading to delay in reaching health care facility, 58.1% of stroke patients, were arriving to emergency department (ED) in less than 24 hours (potential endovascular therapeutic window).
Conclusions: In Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia, stroke affects mainly those who are older, less educated, diabetic, hypertensive, with hypercholesterolemia and previous history of TIA. Associated factors for stroke differ significantly according to their nationality.
Across the globe, stroke is now one of the most common leading causes for morbidity and mortality in adult patients after myocardial infarctions. Together with neoplasm, and myocardial infarctions, the 3 are top causes for death in the developed countries. Even when survive, a major portion of affected patients may suffer lifelong consequences in the form of physical or mental disabilities, which may result in social and economic challenges at the personal level and the society level.1 Two types of brain stroke exist, hemorrhagic and ischemic. There has been more than a 100% rise in stroke incidence in limited-resources countries.2 Stroke is one of the top 3 leading causes of death in the United States of America (USA). Approximately, 140,000 fatalities per year are caused by stroke in the USA. In year 2000, stroke resulted in 15,409 deaths (7%) of all deaths in Canada.3 As per statistics of the World Health Organization,4 almost 15 million annual cases of stroke are recorded worldwide. One third of stroke patients dies and another third remains disabled for the rest of their lives. Indonesian Basic Health Research for instance, estimated that the prevalence of stroke in Indonesian population is somewhere around 12.1 per million whereas in China, the prevalence of stroke somewhere around 2.21%.
In order to prevent and minimize the catastrophic sequelae of stroke, early detection is the main key as well as, determining the type of stroke, which is an essential element in clinical care of stroke patients. History and physical examination can provide a great help in distinguishing the type of stroke;5,6 however, evolving diagnostic images are the main keys in sorting stroke types.7 The incidence of stroke is known to increase as age increases, more specifically, after the age of 45 years, the incidence gets doubled every decade of life. More than 70% of the strokes are occurring in patients who are 65 years or older.8 Men (1 in 5) tend to have higher lifetime risk of stroke than women (1 in 6). Men tend to have more risk of stroke at younger age than women, where women have higher rates of stroke at older age as they tend to have longer life expectancy than men.9 Stroke is increasing rapidly in the area of the Middle East.10 Some studies done in this part of the world, to look for the stroke associated factors and found that age, hypertension, previous stroke or history of transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and atrial fibrillation are the major ones.1 Some national studies have found that patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or high cholesterol are more vulnerable for stroke11 and the prevalence of 178 in every 100,000, was reported in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia.12 Similar to other parts of the world, stroke burden is rapidly evolving and becoming a major cause of illness and deaths in Saudi Arabia. Akbar and Mushtaq13 found that stroke is more frequent in patients at their sixth decade of life with clear male predominance in Saudi Arabia. According to Almekhlafi’s hospital based study,14 stroke burden is increasing in Saudi Arabia. Out of 548 patients in the study, stroke and its consequences contributed to 32% of the mortality.
In 2014, Robert and Zamzami1reported that only 8 centers of 350 hospitals all around Saudi Arabia, are providing stroke thrombolytic therapy, and 2 out of these 8 centers have stroke code teams. However, by 2019, 8 more centers developed stoke code teams, and more hospitals-initiated stroke thrombolysis therapy. The present study aimed to identify demographic characteristics, clinical findings, and types of stroke in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.
Methods
In this hospital-based retrospective study, the data of all patients diagnosed with stroke within the period from January 2016 to December 2017 were included. An Excel data sheet for data collection, was made by the research team to obtain data from hospital charts in Aseer Central Hospital (ACH).
The variables consisted of demographic data, including age, gender, nationality, marital status, and education level. Also, the past medical history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiac diseases, family history of stroke, time of stroke onset, arrival to emergency department time, time of computed tomography (CT) of the brain, type of the stroke based on diagnosis on discharge note. Ethical approval was obtained from the King Khalid University IRB committee. After data collection, the data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 25 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. Chi-square test was utilized to measure the significant difference at 5% of the level of significance.
Results
A total of 562 stroke patients were included in this study. Table 1 depicts that the mean ± SD of their age was 62.6 ± 17.0 years, with 45.7% of stroke patients between 60 and 80 years of age. Male patients were more than female patients (62.6% and 37.4%, ). The majority (93.2%) were Saudi, while 91.5% had below university education and 6.4% were smokers. Interestingly, only 2% of patients had a family history of stroke, while 68.1% were diabetic, 80.4% were hypertensive, 91.6% had high serum cholesterol level, and 10.7% had transient ischemic attacks.
Bio-demographic characteristics of embolic stroke patients in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.
Table 2 shows that stroke subtypes among our patients were either large artery vessel disease (35.6%) or cardioembolic (37.5%), while 11% had small vessel disease (lacunar). The stroke subtype was undetermined among 2.5% and of multiple causes among 13.3%. Only 3.2% of the patients had intracranial hemorrhage. The time from the stroke onset until the arrival to the emergency department was less than 5 hours among 8.4% of patients, 5-12 hours among 9.8%, 13-24 hours among 39.9% and more than 24 hours among 42% (Figure 1). The duration from the arrival to ED until undergoing CT imaging was more than 6 hours among 58.1% of stroke patients, the duration ranged from more than 3 hours to 6 hours for 14.6%, while only 16% presented within less than one hour and 10.3% presented within 1-3 hours (Figure 2).
Stroke related data of stroke patients in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia.
Presentation time from the onset of stroke symptoms until the arrival to emergency department (in hours) among stroke patients in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.
Presentation time from stroke onset of symptoms till undergoing CT (in hours) among stroke patients in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.
Table 3 shows that the modal age for the incidence of stroke differed significantly according to patients’ nationality, being younger among non-Saudi as compared to Saudi patients (40-59 years and 60-79 years, respectively, p<0.001). There were significantly more males among non-Saudi (84.2%) than Saudi patients (61.1%) (p=0.004). There were significantly less married among non-Saudi (81.6%) than Saudi patients (95.8%) (p<0.001). There were significantly more smokers among non-Saudi (15.8%) than Saudi (5.7%) patients (p=0.014). There were significantly fewer diabetics among non-Saudi (42.1%) than Saudi (70%) patients (p<0.001). However, there were no significant differences among stroke patients regarding educational status, family history of stroke, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia or transient ischemic attacks according to their nationality.
Risk factors of stroke according to patients’ nationality.
Discussion
The idea of the study came out initially as a document to convince stake holders in the regional health affairs, to allocate more resources towards stroke treatment in the southwestern region, including and not limited to primary prevention, acute stroke unit, neuro endovascular service, and so forth. Therefore, a 2-year hospital-based retrospective study included 562 stroke patients who were admitted to ACH, Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. This study highlighted certain characteristics for stroke patients, which may reflect certain associated factors for stroke and its residual functional disability in Aseer Region.
Our stroke patients’ mean age was above 60 years, with almost half of them aged 60-80 years. Moreover, almost two-thirds of the patients were males. As age is recognized as one of the top associated factors for stroke,15 Akbar and Mushtaq13 noted that stroke is seen more between the age of 50 and 60 year, with male predominance in both Saudi nationals and expatriates. Saudi local studies16 showed that stroke was more common in the seventh decade of life, and others reported that same finding of the former study in regards the age; however, the frequency was least in the 30-40 years of age group. In Saudi, the stroke prevalence is higher in men in comparison to women.18 Similar findings were published by many other papers.11,19,20 Only 2% of our patients had a family history of stroke, and 6.4% were smokers, while most of our patients had below university levels of education. Many other reports have found that stroke associated factors include unhealthy lifestyle for example, smoking and a family history of stroke.19,21 Some studies have found that 18.2% of stroke patients had a positive family history. They noted that a family history of stroke combines genetic and environmental factors. The relation between family history and stroke was not statistically significant, whereas sibling’s history was more associated with stroke compared to parental history. Moreover, the difference between sibling history and parental history decreased even further after the adjustment for other variables, which may shed light on the effect of common environment to the sibling history of stroke.
A non-linear association between patients’ level of education and their stroke risk have been reported.23 Such finding is consistent with those concluded by several existing studies in the USA,24,25 Sweden,26 Italy,27 and Denmark.28 The present study identified that several disease conditions are commonly associated with stroke, namely, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and transient ischemic attack (TIA).This finding is in accordance with those reported by several studies. Robert and Zamzami1 ascribed age, hypertension, previous stroke or TIA, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking as the major associated factors for stroke in the area Middle East. Similarly, Awada and Al Rajeh11 and Kelly and Robert21 reported that associated factors for stroke include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and TIA.
Our study revealed that the time from the stroke onset, until the arrival to the ED for most patients (81.1%), was more than 12 hours. Moreover, the duration from the arrival to ED until undergoing CT imaging was more than 6 hours among 58.1% of stroke patients: the duration ranged from more than 3 hours to 6 hours for 14.6%, while only 16% presented within less than one hour and 10.3% presented within 1-3 hours. A Nigerian study,29 reported that none of their stroke patients came to seek medical care in less than 3 hours of the symptom’s onset. A thorough history and imaging usually exclude other causes of deficit apart from stroke and a brain CT brain is usually considered as the first line imaging modality that helps to distinguish ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroimaging is the mainstay in directing thrombolytic and interventional therapy for stroke patients. Meaningful outcome can only be procured within a time frame as short as 4 and half hours of symptom’s onset for thrombolytic therapy.
Several studies indicated that patients’ lack of knowledge in regards to stroke can be one of the most important factors leading to delay in presentation.30-32 Obviously, major attention and actions have to be taken towards addressing factors leading to delay in stroke management, at pre and in-hospital levels, by the national health authorities.33
The duration from the onset of stroke symptoms until undergoing CT imaging, was more than 6 hours in more than half of patients, while only approximately 25% of patients presented and had their neuroimaging within 3 hours from the onset of their stroke symptoms. Major efforts not only include patients’ awareness, but also more of physicians’ awareness towards stroke’s treatment, and the establishment of a pathway of stroke patients are mandated to overcome the delay in obtaining proper timely imaging and eventually proper treatment. This delay in obtaining images of stroke patients is anticipated in a trauma busy center where most of the resources are directed towards that. Another important fact is that the authors think that, the slow progress of stroke treatment in the era preceding the mechanical thrombectomy, had left an impact on physicians, that nothing significant can be added to stroke patients especially if they are out of the IV t-PA window. Despite the above, 58% of patients come within the potential therapeutic window of mechanical thrombectomy, which gives an indicator of the growing need of neuro interventionists to treat stroke patients, to have such service available 24/7.34,35
Results of the present study showed that the main stroke subtypes among our patients were either large artery disease or cardioembolic. High prevalence rates of large artery disease were also reported by several studies. A recent Saudi study, reported the prevalence of large artery disease causing stroke was 27%,36 while in Beirut, Lebanon, it was at 54%.37 In the area of the Middle-East and North Africa, Al Rukn et al38 reported 46%. It is obvious that our finding of the large artery disease (35%) in our population lies within the spectrum in the studies above.
Findings of the present study showed that associated factors for stroke among our patients differed significantly according to their nationality. Non-Saudi patients were significantly younger, males, unmarried, cigarette smokers and non-diabetic. The significant variability in associated factors may be attributed to genetic, racial or environmental differences between the Saudi and non-Saudi populations. Nowadays, it is accepted fact in stroke world, that the etiology is multifactorial.22,39
Primary preventive actions should focus on modifiable associated factors of stroke, namely, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, since the modification of associated factors (for example quitting smoking) remains a primary management strategy for effective prevention of stroke, in addition to community-based studies that direct and establish a plan of action for stroke prevention have the best chance to minimize the devastating impact of stroke.8 Secondary prevention should be enforced by raising the public’s awareness regarding warning and early symptoms of stroke and the importance of prompt transfer to ED and an immediate referral of suspected cases for diagnosis by CT neuroimaging, potential candidacy of IV t-PA, and neuro endovascular service.
Study limitations
Despite the large number of patients in our study, which is fair to consider generalizability of the results to the Saudi population, despite that, the fact of missing some data of some patients is a limiting factor, in addition to the potential of discrepancy between the treating team member in determining the type of stroke based on work up, however , the authors considered the discharge summary as a conclusion of the opinions of all treating teams. The potential selection bias is limited by including all the patients with complete data for the study duration.
In conclusion, the study revealed that in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia, stroke affects mainly those who are older (aged above 60 years), less educated, diabetic, hypertensive, with hypercholesterolemia and TIA. There is an unduly late arrival to the hospital and referral for CT neuroimaging of most stroke patients. Associated factors for stroke differ significantly according to their nationality.
Therefore, the primary prevention of stroke should start by the management of its modifiable associated factors (for example quitting smoking, control of diabetes, hypertension and high serum cholesterol). Secondary prevention can be applied by raising the public’s awareness regarding stroke for early identification and immediate transfer to the hospital. Despite the late presentation of stroke patients, major percentage of them are presenting within the potential endovascular therapeutic window.
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Clinical Practice Guidelines must include a short abstract. There should be an Introduction section addressing the objective in producing the guideline, what the guideline is about and who will benefit from the guideline. It should describe the population, conditions, health care setting and clinical management/diagnostic test. Authors should adequately describe the methods used to collect and analyze evidence, recommendations and validation. If it is adapted, authors should include the source, how, and why it is adapted? The guidelines should include not more than 50 references, 2-4 illustrations/tables, and an algorithm.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge proofreadingservices.com for English language editing of the manuscript
Footnotes
Disclosure. Authors have no conflict of interests, and the work was not supported or funded by any drug company.
- Received June 21, 2020.
- Accepted September 10, 2020.
- Copyright: © Neurosciences
Neurosciences is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work.
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