Article Figures & Data
Tables
Characteristics Total(207) Adherence Non adherence P-value 207 N=169(81.6%) N=38(18.4%) n (%) n (%) n (%) Sex Male 96 (46.4) 80 (47.3) 16 (42.1) 0.559 Female 111 (53.6) 89 (52.7) 22 (57.9) Age, years(Mean ± SD) 34.00 (13.48) 34.45 (13.68) 32.00 (12.54) 0.313 17-44 164 (79.2) 135 (79.9) 29 (76.3) 0.368 45-59 31 (15.0) 23 (13.6) 8 (21.1) >=60 12 (5.8) 11 (6.5) 1 (2.6) Nationality Saudi 199 (96.1) 162 (95.9) 37 (97.4) 0.550 Non Saudi 8 (3.9) 7 (4.1) 1 (2.6) Marital status Married 104 (50.2) 87 (51.5) 17 (44.7) 0.590 Single 93 (44.9) 75 (44.4) 18 (47.4) Divorced 9 (4.3) 6 (3.6) 3 (7.9) Widow 1 (.5) 1 (.6) Education level University 114 (55.1) 92 (54.4) 22 (57.9) 0.003* High school 72 (34.8) 65 (38.5) 7 (18.4) Intermediate school 12 (5.8) 8 (4.7) 4 (10.5) Primary school 9 (4.3) 4 (2.4) 5 (13.2) Occupation Employed 81 (39.1) 67 (39.6) 14 (36.8) 0.572 Unemployed 114 (55.1) 91 (53.8) 23 (60.5) Retired 12 (5.8) 11 (6.5) 1 (2.6) Family income Less than 5000 38 (18.4) 30 (17.8) 8 (21.1) 0.596 5000-10000 60 (29.0) 49 (29.0) 11 (28.9) 10000-15000 54 (26.1) 42 (24.9) 12 (31.6) More than 15000 55 (26.6) 48 (28.4) 7 (18.4) Residency Inside Riyadh 161 (77.8) 133 (78.7) 28 (73.7) 0.502 Outside Riyadh 46 (22.2) 36 (21.3) 10 (26.3) Duration of epilepsy(Mean ± SD) 11.95 (9.29) 12.19 (9.40) 10.92 (8.82) 0.450 *Significant p-value
- Table 2
- Past psychiatric history of patients. Reasons of not seeing a psychiatrist in the past:
Suggested reasons: n (%) order I do not suffer psychologically and I do not need a psychiatrist 158 (81.4) 1st I suffer psychologically, but I need psychological and social support inside the epilepsy center, not going to psychiatric clinics outside the center 9 (4.6) 2nd I suffer psychologically, but I think I do not need a psychiatrist 6 (3.1) 3rd I suffer psychologically, but I avoid seeing a psychiatrist for fear of society’s perception 5 (2.6) 4th I suffer psychologically but I do not have access to a psychiatrist 3 (1.5) I did not think about it 3 (1.5) I do not need a psychiatrist because I suffer for short period 2 (1.0) I suffer psychologically, but I did not think that I would go to a psychiatrist 2 (1.0) Because I think what I feel is the effects of epilepsy medications 2 (1.0) Because I think I only need care from my family 1 (.5) I fear from psychiatric medications side effects 1 (.5) I left it because I did not benefit from it 1 (.5) I got help from a life coach 1 (.5) Variables Total Adherence Non adherence P-value n (%) n (%) n (%) Chronic illnesses Hypertension 8 3.9 7 4.1 1 2.6 0.550 Diabetes Mellitus 6 2.9 6 3.6 0 0 0.291 Asthma 12 5.8 10 5.9 2 5.3 0.876 Cardiovascular Diseases 4 1.9 4 2.4 0 0 0.441 Eczema 1 .5 1 .6 0 0 0.816 Hematological diseases 1 .5 0 0 1 2.6 0.184 Thyroid diseases 1 .5 1 .6 0 0 0.816 Osteoporosis 2 1.0 2 1.2 0 0 0.660 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 1 .5 1 .6 0 0 0.816 Psoriasis 1 .5 1 .6 0 0 0.816 Rheumatoid 2 1.0 1 .6 1 2.6 0.334 Number 168 81.2 135 79.9 33 86.8 0.321 Variables Total Adherence Nonadherence P-value n (%) n (%) n (%) PHQ9 Score Crude mean (± SD) 6.31 (5.51) 5.91 (5.26) 8.13 (6.28) 0.024 Adjusted* mean (± SE) 6.97 (0.48) 5.91 (0.40) 8.13 (0.99) 0.034 PHQ9 depression groups Normal (0–9) 160 (77.3) 136 (80.5) 24 (63.2) 0.021 Depression (≥10) 47 (22.7) 33 (19.5) 14 (36.8) GAD7 Crude mean (± SD) 6.37 (4.91) 5.95 (4.63) 8.21 (5.69) 0.027 Adjusted* mean (± SE) 7.05 (0.43) 5.95 (0.35) 8.21 (0.90) 0.014 GAD7 anxiety groups Mild anxiety 66 (31.9) 55 (32.5) 11 (28.9) Moderate anxiety 35 (16.9) 25 (14.8) 10 (26.3) Severe anxiety 16 (7.7) 11 (6.5) 5 (13.2) PHQ15 Crude mean (± SD) 8.19 (5.46) 7.69 (5.23) 10.39 (5.98) 0.006 Adjusted* mean (± SE) 9.00 (0.45) 7.69 (0.38) 10.40 (0.88) 0.005 PHQ15_CAT Minimal 63 (30.4) 55 (32.5) 8 (21.1) <0.001 Low 70 (33.8) 59 (34.9) 11 (28.9) Medium 44 (21.3) 39 (23.1) 5 (13.2) High 30 (14.5) 16 (9.5) 14 (36.8) ECRM16anxiety Crude mean (± SD) 27.68 (10.68) 27.24 (10.85) 29.61 (9.79) 0.219 Adjusted* mean (± SE) 28.38 (0.96) 27.24 (0.83) 29.61 (1.60) 0.246 ECR16 avoidance Crude mean (± SD) 25.04 (8.24) 25.23 (8.07) 24.21 (9.04) 0.027 Adjusted* mean (± SE) 24.73 (0.74) 25.23 (0.62) 24.21 (1.47) 0.503 MOCA score Crude mean (± SD) 22.41 (4.06) 22.48 (4.08) 22.11 (4.03) 0.609 Adjusted* mean (± SE) 22.29 (0.37) 22.48 (0.31) 22.11 (0.67) 0.609 MOCA cognitive function groups Normal 56 (27.1) 45 (26.6) 11 (28.9) 0.771 Cognitive impairment 151 (72.9) 124 (73.4) 27 (71.1) *Mean values were adjusted for age and sex
Variables Total Adherence Nonadherence P-value Number %≥ Number (%) Number (%) Polypharmacy yes polypharmacy 60 29.27 49 (29.34) 11 (28.95) 0.962 No polypharmacy 145 70.73 118 (70.66) 27 (71.05) Levetiracetam Yes 115 55.56 90 (53.25) 25 (65.79) 0.160 No 92 44.44 79 (46.75) 13 (34.21) Valproic Acid Yes 21 10.14 17 (10.06) 4 (10.53) 0.931 No 186 89.86 152 (89.94) 34 (89.47) Carbamazepine Yes 58 28.02 46 (27.22) 12 (31.58) 0.589 No 149 71.98 123 (72.78) 26 (68.42) Lamotrigine Yes 24 11.59 23 (13.61) 1 (2.63) 0.040* No 183 88.41 146 (86.39) 37 (97.37) Phenytoin Yes 4 1.93 4 (2.37) 0 (0.00) 0.441 No 203 98.07 165 (97.63) 38 (100.00) Topiramate Yes 5 2.42 3 (1.78) 2 (5.26) 0.228 No 202 97.58 166 (98.22) 36 (94.74) Clonazepam Yes 1 0.48 1 (0.59) 0 (0.00) 0.816 No 206 99.52 168 (99.41) 38 (100.00) Lacosamide Yes 5 2.42 5 (2.96) 0 (0.00) 0.359 No 202 97.58 164 (97.04) 38 (100.00) Phenobarbital Yes 1 0.48 1 (0.59) 0 (0.00) 0.816 No 206 99.52 168 (99.41) 38 (100.00) Significant p-value
- Table 6
- Univariate analysis examining the relationship between variables and Visual Analogue Scale of treatment adherence.
Variables Beta Standard error P-value Age 0.015 0.008 0.068 Sex (female vs male) -0.199 0.226 0.380 Disease duration 0.020 0.012 0.109 PHQ9 -0.052 0.020 0.011 GAD7 -0.064 0.023 0.005 PHQ15 -0.071 0.020 0.001 ECR-Anxious -0.017 0.011 0.104 ECR-Avoidant -0.008 0.014 0.548 Family history of epilepsy -0.026 0.253 0.918 Supernatural belief -0.099 0.274 0.719 Past psychiatric illness -0.220 0.821 0.789 Marital status (married vs not married) 0.203 0.226 0.369 Education (bachelor or higher vs lower than Bachelor’s degree) -0.042 0.227 0.854 Employment status(unemployed vs employed) -0.177 0.231 0.445 MOCA score -0.011 0.028 0.704 - Table 7
- Multivariate regression analysis examining the relationship between variables and Visual Analogue Scale of treatment adherence.
Variables Estimate Standard error P-value Age 0.132 0.008 0.058 Sex 0.046 0.238 0.533 PHQ9 Score -0.012 0.030 0.910 PHQGAD7 Score -0.052 0.035 0.624 PHQ15 -0.218 0.028 0.020
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