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The role of exercise in Parkinson’s Disease

Mohannad A. Almikhlafi
Neurosciences Journal January 2023, 28 (1) 4-12; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2023.1.20220105

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1
    Figure 1

    - Proposed mechanisms that may contribute to improvement of PD symptoms. PD - Parkinson’s disease

  • Figure 2
    Figure 2

    - Mechanisms influenced by exercise in PD. Physical exercise increases the level of neurotrophins in the brain. This upregulation decreases pro-apoptotic proteins, increasing autophagy, reducing neuroinflammation. In addition, exercise upregulates mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, and increasing mtDNA copy number.

Tables

  • Table 1

    - Effect of exercise on different PD symptoms.

    Type of exerciseOutcomesReference
    Motor functions
    Aerobic exerciseImprovement in motor function, gait, and balance(91, 92)
    Treadmill trainingImprovement in gait speed and stride length(93, 94)
    Tai chiEnhancement in balance and motor outcomes such as balance and falls(95, 96)
    BoxingImprovement in gait and balance(23)
    VRImprovement in gait and balance[bk]Decrease risk to falls(52, 53)
    Non-motor functions
    Combined resistance and aerobic exerciseImprovement in depression(97)
    CyclingImprovement in executive functions(98)
    Nintendo WiiDecrease anxiety, improve memory, and cognitive ability(65)
    VRImprove cognitive functions(66)
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