The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Persons with Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia

Ahmed N. Alshammari; Khalid A. Alshammari; Salman N. Alshammari; Saad Y. Aldhaifi; Abdulaziz S. Alqahtani

doi:10.17712/nsj.2023.2.20110104

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[1] 1.↵
Atzrodt CL,
Maknojia I,
McCarthy RDP,
Oldfield TM,
Po J,
Ta KTL, et al.
A Guide to COVID-19: a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. FEBS Journal 2020; 287.

[2] Atzrodt CL,

[3] Maknojia I,

[4] McCarthy RDP,

[5] Oldfield TM,

[6] Po J,

[7] Ta KTL, et al.

[8] 2.↵
Alshammari TM,
Altebainawi AF,
Alenzi KA.
Importance of early precautionary actions in avoiding the spread of COVID-19: Saudi Arabia as an Example. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2020; 28.

[9] Alshammari TM,

[10] Altebainawi AF,

[11] Alenzi KA.

[12] 3.↵
Motolese F,
Rossi M,
Albergo G,
Stelitano D,
Villanova M,
di Lazzaro V, et al.
The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on People With Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2020; 11.

[13] Motolese F,

[14] Rossi M,

[15] Albergo G,

[16] Stelitano D,

[17] Villanova M,

[18] di Lazzaro V, et al.

[19] 4.↵
Aljumah M,
Bunyan R, al
Otaibi H, al
Towaijri G,
Karim A, al
Malik Y
, et al. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Saudi Arabia, a descriptive study. BMC Neurol 2020; 20.

[20] Aljumah M,

[21] Bunyan R, al

[22] Otaibi H, al

[23] Towaijri G,

[24] Karim A, al

[25] Malik Y

[26] 5.↵
Al-Abdullah MS,
Siddiqui AF.
Demographic and disease characteristics of multiple sclerosis in the southwest region of Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2018; 23: 320–325.

[27] Al-Abdullah MS,

[28] Siddiqui AF.

[29] 6.↵
Karimi S,
Andayeshgar B,
Khatony A.
Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress in patients with multiple sclerosis in Kermanshah-Iran: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20: 166.

[30] Karimi S,

[31] Andayeshgar B,

[32] Khatony A.

[33] 7.↵
Algahtani HA,
Shirah BH,
Alzahrani FA,
Abobaker HA,
Alghanaim NA,
Manlangit JS.
Quality of life among multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2017; 22: 261–266.

[34] Algahtani HA,

[35] Shirah BH,

[36] Alzahrani FA,

[37] Abobaker HA,

[38] Alghanaim NA,

[39] Manlangit JS.

[40] 8.↵
Hyarat S,
Al-Gamal E,
dela Rama E
. Depression and perceived social support among Saudi patients with multiple sclerosis. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2018; 54.

[41] Hyarat S,

[42] Al-Gamal E,

[43] dela Rama E

[44] 9.↵
Alhussain H,
Aldayel AA,
Alenazi A,
Alowain F.
Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence of Depression and its Extent of Severity. Cureus 2020; 12: e7005.

[45] Alhussain H,

[46] Aldayel AA,

[47] Alenazi A,

[48] Alowain F.

[49] 10.↵
Algahtani H,
Almarri AK,
Alharbi JH,
Aljahdali MR,
Haimed RA,
Hariri R.
Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia: Clinical, Social, and Psychological Aspects of the Disease. Cureus 2021; 13: e16484.

[50] Algahtani H,

[51] Almarri AK,

[52] Alharbi JH,

[53] Aljahdali MR,

[54] Haimed RA,

[55] Hariri R.

[56] 11.↵
Alshamrani FJ,
Almuaigel MF,
Alkhamis FA,
Alsulaiman AA,
AlMohish NM,
Albuhassah AF, et al.
Impact of depression and fatigue on relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2020; 41: 290–295.

[57] Alshamrani FJ,

[58] Almuaigel MF,

[59] Alkhamis FA,

[60] Alsulaiman AA,

[61] AlMohish NM,

[62] Albuhassah AF, et al.

[63] 12.↵
Capuano R,
Altieri M,
Bisecco A,
d’Ambrosio A,
Docimo R,
Buonanno D, et al.
Psychological consequences of COVID-19 pandemic in Italian MS patients: signs of resilience? J Neurol 2021; 268.

[64] Capuano R,

[65] Altieri M,

[66] Bisecco A,

[67] d’Ambrosio A,

[68] Docimo R,

[69] Buonanno D, et al.

[70] 13.↵
Alzahrani AS,
Alshamrani FJ,
Al-Khamis FA,
Al-Sulaiman AA,
Ghamdi WSA,
Ghamdi OAA, et al.
Association of acute stress with multiple sclerosis onset and relapse in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2019; 40: 372–378.

[71] Alzahrani AS,

[72] Alshamrani FJ,

[73] Al-Khamis FA,

[74] Al-Sulaiman AA,

[75] Ghamdi WSA,

[76] Ghamdi OAA, et al.

[77] 14.↵
Zanghì A,
D’Amico E,
Luca M,
Ciaorella M,
Basile L,
Patti F.
Mental health status of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis Italian patients returning to work soon after the easing of lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic: A monocentric experience. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46: 102561.

[78] Zanghì A,

[79] D’Amico E,

[80] Luca M,

[81] Ciaorella M,

[82] Basile L,

[83] Patti F.

[84] 15.↵
Manacorda T,
Bandiera P,
Terzuoli F,
Ponzio M,
Brichetto G,
Zaratin P, et al.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on persons with multiple sclerosis: Early findings from a survey on disruptions in care and self-reported outcomes. J Health Serv Res Policy 2021; 26:189–197.

[85] Manacorda T,

[86] Bandiera P,

[87] Terzuoli F,

[88] Ponzio M,

[89] Brichetto G,

[90] Zaratin P, et al.

[91] 16.↵
Vogel AC,
Schmidt H,
Loud S,
McBurney R,
Mateen FJ.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health care of >1,000 People living with multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46: 102512.

[92] Vogel AC,

[93] Schmidt H,

[94] Loud S,

[95] McBurney R,

[96] Mateen FJ.

[97] 17.↵
Talaat F,
Ramadan I,
Aly S,
Hamdy E.
Are multiple sclerosis patients and their caregivers more anxious and more committed to following the basic preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 4646: 102580.

[98] Talaat F,

[99] Ramadan I,

[100] Aly S,

[101] Hamdy E.

[102] 18.↵
AlHadi AN,
AlAteeq DA,
Al-Sharif E,
Bawazeer HM,
Alanazi H,
AlShomrani AT, et al.
An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2017; 16: 32.

[103] AlHadi AN,

[104] AlAteeq DA,

[105] Al-Sharif E,

[106] Bawazeer HM,

[107] Alanazi H,

[108] AlShomrani AT, et al.

[109] 19.↵
Kroenke K,
Spitzer RL,
Williams JBW.
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606–613.

[110] Kroenke K,

[111] Spitzer RL,

[112] Williams JBW.

[113] 20.↵
Spitzer RL,
Kroenke K,
Williams JBW.
Validation and Utility of a Self-report Version of PRIME-MD. The PHQ Primary Care Study. JAMA 1999; 282: 1737–1744.

[114] Spitzer RL,

[115] Kroenke K,

[116] Williams JBW.

[117] 21.↵
Alkhamees AA,
Alrashed SA,
Alzunaydi AA,
Almohimeed AS,
Aljohani MS.
The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the general population of Saudi Arabia. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 102: 152192.

[118] Alkhamees AA,

[119] Alrashed SA,

[120] Alzunaydi AA,

[121] Almohimeed AS,

[122] Aljohani MS.

[123] 22.↵
Alamri HS,
Algarni A,
Shehata SF,
Bshabshe AA,
Alshehri NN,
Alasiri AM, et al.
Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among the general population in saudi arabia during covid-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 9183.

[124] Alamri HS,

[125] Algarni A,

[126] Shehata SF,

[127] Bshabshe AA,

[128] Alshehri NN,

[129] Alasiri AM, et al.

[130] 23.
AlHusseini N,
Sajid M,
Altayeb A,
Alyousof S,
Alsheikh H,
Alqahtani A, et al.
Depression and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021; 13: e12978.

[131] AlHusseini N,

[132] Sajid M,

[133] Altayeb A,

[134] Alyousof S,

[135] Alsheikh H,

[136] Alqahtani A, et al.

[137] 24.
Al-Hanawi MK,
Mwale ML,
Alshareef N,
Qattan AMN,
Angawi K,
Almubark R, et al.
Psychological distress amongst health workers and the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13: 733–742.

[138] Al-Hanawi MK,

[139] Mwale ML,

[140] Alshareef N,

[141] Qattan AMN,

[142] Angawi K,

[143] Almubark R, et al.

[144] 25.↵
Almanasef M,
Almaghaslah D.
Assessment of psychological distress among the general public in saudi arabia during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021; 9.

[145] Almanasef M,

[146] Almaghaslah D.

[147] 26.↵
Marrie RA,
Reingold S,
Cohen J,
Stuve O,
Trojano M,
Sorensen PS, et al.
The incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Ruth Ann Marrie 2015; 21: 305–317.

[148] Marrie RA,

[149] Reingold S,

[150] Cohen J,

[151] Stuve O,

[152] Trojano M,

[153] Sorensen PS, et al.

[154] 27.↵
Alosaimi FD,
AlMulhem A,
Moscovici M,
AlShalan H,
Alqazlan M,
Aldaif A, et al.
The Relationship between Psychosocial Factors and Cognition in Multiple Sclerosis. Behav Neurol 2017; 2017: 6847070.

[155] Alosaimi FD,

[156] AlMulhem A,

[157] Moscovici M,

[158] AlShalan H,

[159] Alqazlan M,

[160] Aldaif A, et al.

[161] 28.↵
Garjani A,
Hunter R,
Law GR,
Middleton RM,
Tuite-Dalton KA,
Dobson R, et al.
Mental health of people with multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 outbreak: A prospective cohort and cross-sectional case–control study of the UK MS Register. Mult Scler 2022; 28: 1060–1071.

[162] Garjani A,

[163] Hunter R,

[164] Law GR,

[165] Middleton RM,

[166] Tuite-Dalton KA,

[167] Dobson R, et al.

[168] 29.↵
Ramezani N,
Ashtari F,
Bastami EA,
Ghaderi K,
Hosseini SM,
Naeini MK, et al.
Fear and anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis during COVID-19 pandemic; report of an Iranian population. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 50: 102798.

[169] Ramezani N,

[170] Ashtari F,

[171] Bastami EA,

[172] Ghaderi K,

[173] Hosseini SM,

[174] Naeini MK, et al.

[175] 30.↵
Demir CF,
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