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Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Autism services in low-resource areas

Amira T. Masri, Arwa K. Nasir, Aya G. Irshaid, Fatima Y. Irshaid, Farah K. Alomari, Faisal A. khatib, Abdelkarim A. Al-Qudah, Omar A. Nafi, Miral A. Almomani and Mahmoud A. Bashtawi
Neurosciences Journal April 2023, 28 (2) 116-122; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2023.2.20220098
Amira T. Masri
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
MD, Arwa
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Arwa K. Nasir
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
MD
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Aya G. Irshaid
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
MD
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Fatima Y. Irshaid
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
MSC
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Farah K. Alomari
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
MD
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Faisal A. khatib
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
MD, PhD
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Abdelkarim A. Al-Qudah
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
MD
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Omar A. Nafi
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
MD
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Miral A. Almomani
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
MD
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Mahmoud A. Bashtawi
From the division of Child Neurology (Masri, Irshaid A, Irshaid F, Alomari, Al-Qudah), Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry (Khatib), College of Medicine, University of Jordan, From the Department of Pediatrics (Nafi), Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University-Jordan, from the Department of Pediatrics (Almomani), Division of Child Psychiatry (Bashtawi), Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and from the Department of Pediatrics (Nasir), University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, Nebraska, USA,
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Article Figures & Data

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    Table 1

    - Parental demographics of ASD and GDD Groups.

    DemographicsAutismGDD
    n (%)n (%)
    Age of parents Father
    20-295 (1.8)6 (2.3)
    30-39113 (41.2)108 (42)
    40-49121 (44.2)117 (45.5)
    ≥5030 (10.9)22 (8.6)
    Deceased5 (1.8)4 (1.6)
    Mother
    20-2934 (12.4)47 (18.3)
    30-39160 (58.4)144 (56)
    40-4975 (27.4)59 (23)
    ≥504 (1.5)5 (1.9)
    Deceased1 (0.4)2 (0.8)
    Level of education Less than high school
    Father43 (15.8)65 (25.3)
    Mother29 (10.6)42(16.3)
    High school or above
    Father231 (84.3)192 (74.7)
    Mother245 (89.4)215 (83.7)
    Monthly family income
    100-300 JD51 (18.8)81 (31.5)
    301-500 JD157 (57.29)130 (50.6)
    > 500 JD66 (24.3)46 (17.9)
    ASD -Autism spectrum disorder, GDD - global developmental delay
    • View popup
    Table 2

    - Overview of Services.

    Overview of servicesAutismGDDP-values
    n (%)
    Total number of children included in the study274257
    Average age at first session for those who attended3.93.70.798
    Total number of centres tried by parents
    Average1.651.650.729
    Range(1-6)(1-10)
    Type of services received
    Physiotherapy18 (6.6)103 (40.1)0.000
    Speech therapy177 (64.6)87 (33.9)0.000
    Occupational therapy37 (13.5)59 (23)0.005
    Communication/behavioral therapy182 (66.4)61 (23.7)0.000
    Degree of parental satisfaction: satisfied or very satisfied
    Physiotherapy11 (61.1)62 (60.2)0.000
    Speech therapy87 (49.1)55 (63.2)0.000
    Occupational therapy20 (54)36 (61.0)0.089
    Communication /behavioral therapy97 (53.2)40 (65.6)0.000
    Parent believes their child may go to school if they attend rehabilitation services
    Yes103 (37.6)104 (40.5)0.041
    No158 (57.7)141 (54.9)
    Don’t know13 (4.7)12 (4.7)
    Barriers to services
    Cost138 (58)172 (72)0.001
    Distance /transportation88 (37.5)110 (46)0.045
    Not helpful75 (31.5)51 (21.3)0.012
    Parents are trained to provide services7 (2.9)10 (4.2)0.464
    Preferred location of services
    Home37 (13.5)48 (18.8)0.10
    Specialized center198 (72.3)181 (70.7)0.691
    Online courses1 (0.4)3 (1.2)0.283
    Hospital14 (5.1)11 (4.3)0.659
    Receive training to provide services themselves21 (7.7)30 (11.7)0.114
    • View popup
    Table 3

    - Details of services for children with ASD.

    Details of servicesPhysiotherapyOccupational therapySpeech therapyBehavioral therapy
    Number of children receiving service18 (6.6)37 (13.5)177 (64.6)182 (66.4)
    Age at first session
    Average3.83.74.04.0
    Range(0.25-9)(1.25-9)(1.25-9)(1.25-9)
    Average weekly hours3.63.16.256.64
    Type of treatment center
    Public autism center002 (1.1)1 (0.5)
    Public developmental delay center4 (22.2)1 (2.7)6 (3.4)2 (1.1)
    Private autism center8 (44.2)18 (48.6)65 (36.7)67 (36.8)
    Private developmental delay center4 (22.2)13 (35.1)81 (45.8)86 (47.3)
    Home2 (11.1)4 (10.8)8 (4.5)10 (5.5)
    School01 (2.7)10 (5.6)11 (6)
    Other005 (2.8)5 (2.7)
    Average monthly cost
    Jordanian dinar99.50113.50107113.74
    (US dollar)(140.3)(160)(151)(160.4)
    Distance from home to center in minutes
    < 15 min4 (22.2)12 (32.4)33 (18.7)34 (18.9)
    15-30 min9 (50)19 (51.4)100 (56.4)103 (56.5)
    30-60 min4 (22.2)6 (16.2)34 (19.3)35 (19.4)
    > 60 min1 (5.6)010 (5.7)10 (5.6)
    Degree of parental satisfaction: satisfied or very satisfied11 (61.1)20 (54)87 (49.1)97 (53.2)
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Neurosciences Journal: 28 (2)
Neurosciences Journal
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1 Apr 2023
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Autism services in low-resource areas
Amira T. Masri, Arwa K. Nasir, Aya G. Irshaid, Fatima Y. Irshaid, Farah K. Alomari, Faisal A. khatib, Abdelkarim A. Al-Qudah, Omar A. Nafi, Miral A. Almomani, Mahmoud A. Bashtawi
Neurosciences Journal Apr 2023, 28 (2) 116-122; DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2023.2.20220098

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Autism services in low-resource areas
Amira T. Masri, Arwa K. Nasir, Aya G. Irshaid, Fatima Y. Irshaid, Farah K. Alomari, Faisal A. khatib, Abdelkarim A. Al-Qudah, Omar A. Nafi, Miral A. Almomani, Mahmoud A. Bashtawi
Neurosciences Journal Apr 2023, 28 (2) 116-122; DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2023.2.20220098
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