Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Illustration of the location and shape of the hippocampus (HC) within the brain. This sagittal view of the brain shows the hippocampus and its spatial relationship to other key structures such as the fornix, mammillary body, and amygdala.
- Figure 2
- Illustration of primary subregions of the hippocampus (HC). This diagram shows the key anatomical structures of the hippocampus, including the dentate gyrus, CA1-CA4 regions (Cornu Ammonis), subiculum, fimbria, choroid plexus, parahippocampal gyrus, and collateral sulcus.
- Figure 3
- Illustrates the anatomical relationships between key structures of the limbic system, including the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and other related regions.
Tables
Intervention type Animal studies Clinical studies Physical Exercise Voluntary wheel running promotes BDNF expression and neurogenesis in the HC32
Treadmill exercise enhances spatial memory and increases synaptic plasticity-related proteins in the HC33
Swimming exercise mitigates stress-induced hippocampal damage34
- Aerobic exercise boosts hippocampal size in aged adults35
Resistance training improves hippocampal-dependent memory in older adults36
High-intensity interval training enhances hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function37
Environmental Enrichment An enriched environment promotes dendritic branching and spine density in hippocampal neurons38
- Environmental enrichment enhances hippocampal neurogenesis and improves spatial memory39
An enriched environment mitigates age-related decline in hippocampal function40
- Cognitive and social stimulation programs improve hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions in older adults41
- Multimodal lifestyle interventions, including cognitive stimulation, show promise in preserving hippocampal volume42
Social Support - Social housing reduces stress-induced hippocampal atrophy in rodents.
- Social play enhances hippocampal plasticity in juvenile rats42,43
- Strong social networks are linked with higher hippocampal sizes in older adults
- Social engagement is related to reduced risk of hippocampal degeneration in early life44,45
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions - Cognitive training improves hippocampal-dependent memory in aged animals46
- CBT for depression increases hippocampal volume
- Memory training enhances hippocampal functional connectivity
- Cognitive remediation therapy improves hippocampal activation during memory tasks in schizophrenia patients47
Mindfulness Techniques - Mindfulness meditation increases hippocampal neurogenesis in rats48
- Mindfulness-based stress reduction increases gray matter concentration in the HC.
- Long-term meditation practice is associated with larger hippocampal volumes
- Mindfulness training improves hippocampal-dependent memory in older adults49
Dietary Interventions - Omega-3 fatty acid in food intake enhances hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function.
- Caloric restriction promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and improves memory.
- Ketogenic diet enhances hippocampal neuroplasticity50,51
- Mediterranean diet is associated with larger hippocampal volumes in older adults
- Flavonoid-rich diet improves hippocampal-dependent memory in older adults
- Intermittent fasting enhances hippocampal function and neuroplasticity52
Pharmacological Interventions - Antidepressants enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in animals with depression.
- HDAC inhibitors enhance hippocampal-dependent memory formation.
- BDNF mimetics promote hippocampal plasticity and cognitive function53,54
- Lithium treatment increases hippocampal volume in bipolar disorder patients.
- SSRIs can enhance the growth of new neurons in the human HC.
- Modafinil enhances hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation55
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