Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Potential neuroprotective effect of Anakinra in spinal cord injury in an in vivo experimental animal model

Askin E. Hasturk, Erdal R. Yilmaz, Erhan Turkoglu, Murat Arikan, Guray Togral, Nazli Hayirli, Berrin I. Erguder and Oya Evirgen
Neurosciences Journal April 2015, 20 (2) 124-130; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2015.2.20140483

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Tissue biochemical alterations in the 3 groups. Values are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), where applicable. Times indicate the timepoint after injury in hours. CAT - catalase, GPx - glutathione peroxidase, MDA - malondialdehyde, SOD - superoxide dismutase

  • Figure 2
    Figure 2

    Serum biochemical alterations in the 3 groups. Values are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), where applicable. Times indicate the timepoint after injury in hours. CAT - catalase, GPx - glutathione peroxidase, MDA - malondialdehyde, SOD - superoxide dismutase

  • Figure 3
    Figure 3

    Photomicrograph of the control group. The parenchymal features of the white (WM) and surrounding gray matter, neuronal morphology, and vascular structures appeared normal in the control group (Hematoxylin & Eosin staining ×4). PH - posterior horn, CC - central canal, AH - anterior horn

  • Figure 4
    Figure 4

    Photomicrographs of the trauma group at all time points. A) There was mild to moderate edema, and prominent disturbances were seen between boundaries of white (WM) and gray matter (GM), central canal (CC), and hemorrhagic areas in GM (arrows) (Hematoxylin & Eosin [H&E] staining, ×4). Inlet showing higher magnification of hemorrhagic areas (arrows) (H&E ×40) B) Hemorrhagic areas in GM (arrows), cavitation (double arrows), and dilatation and edema in WM fiber bundles (stars) (H&E ×10). C) Serious neuronal loss and hemorrhagic areas (H&E ×10). Upper left inlet showing hemorrhage (E) and spongiosis (stars) in GM (H&E ×40). Lower right inlet showing edema (stars), axonal degeneration and dilatation of WM fiber bundles (arrows) (H&E ×40).

  • Figure 5
    Figure 5

    Photomicrographs of the Anakinra-treated group one hour after trauma showing A) regions and structure of spinal cord gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), central canal (CC), multipolar neurons (MNs) (Hematoxylin & Eosin [H&E] staining ×4). B) Edema, axonal dilatation and degeneration in WM (stars), and hemorrhagic areas in GM (arrows), (H&E ×10). C-D) Swollen astrocytic processes forming clear areas around degenerated neurons (arrowheads), axonal dilatation and degeneration (stars), and central cavitation around CC (double arrows)(H&E ×10). bv - blood vessel, P - pia mater

  • Figure 6
    Figure 6

    Photomicrographs of the Anakinra-treated group at 6 hours after trauma showing less edema and fewer degenerated neurons showing: A) central cavitation (arrowhead, Hematoxylin & Eosin staining [H & E] ×10) B) Eosinophilic neuron (thick arrow, H & E ×40). P - pia mater, GM - gray matter, WM - white matter

  • Figure 7
    Figure 7

    Photomicrograph of the Anakinra-treated group at 24 hours after trauma showing less edema and neurons (stars) with intensely stained basophilic cytoplasm in gray matter (GM), (Hematoxylin & Eosin [H&E] staining ×4). Inlet showing axons with myelin sheath (arrow), degenerated axons and dilated fibers (stars) (H&E ×40).

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