Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Other Publications
    • Saudi Medical Journal

User menu

  • My alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Neurosciences Journal
  • Other Publications
    • Saudi Medical Journal
  • My alerts
  • Log in
Neurosciences Journal

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Follow psmmc on Twitter
  • Visit psmmc on Facebook
  • RSS
Review ArticleReview Article
Open Access

The use of immune modulating drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis

Fahd A. Al-Khamis
Neurosciences Journal January 2016, 21 (1) 4-9; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2016.1.20150252
Fahd A. Al-Khamis
From the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Deanship for Scientific Research, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
MBBS
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    1. van Kessel K,
    2. Moss-Morris R
    (2006) Understanding multiple sclerosis fatigue:a synthesis of biological and psychological factors. J Psychosom Res 61, 583–585.
  2. ↵
    1. Compston A,
    2. Coles A
    (2008) Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 372, 1502–1517.
  3. ↵
    1. Frohman EM,
    2. Havrdova E,
    3. Lublin F,
    4. Barkhof F,
    5. Achiron A,
    6. Sharief MK,
    7. et al.
    (2006) Most patients with multiple sclerosis or a clinically isolated demyelinating syndrome should be treated at the time of diagnosis. Arch Neurol 63, 614–619.
  4. ↵
    1. Kos D,
    2. Kerckhofs E,
    3. Nagels G,
    4. D’hooghe MB,
    5. Ilsbroukx S
    (2008) Origin of fatigue in multiple sclerosis:review of the literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 22, 91–100.
  5. ↵
    1. Schwid SR,
    2. Covington M,
    3. Segal BM,
    4. Goodman AD
    (2002) Fatigue in multiple sclerosis:current understanding and future directions. J Rehabil Res Dev 39, 211–224.
  6. ↵
    1. Tillema JM,
    2. Renaud D,
    3. Mark Keegan B
    (2014) A CNS multifocal disease:Important diagnostic considerations regarding multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 3, 402–407.
  7. ↵
    1. Fletcher MA,
    2. Zeng XR,
    3. Barnes Z,
    4. Levis S,
    5. Klimas NG
    (2009) Plasma cytokines in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Transl Med 7, 96.
  8. ↵
    1. Viglietta V,
    2. Baecher-Allan C,
    3. Weiner HL,
    4. Hafler DA
    (2004) Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 199, 971–979.
  9. ↵
    1. Krumbholz M,
    2. Derfuss T,
    3. Hohlfeld R,
    4. Meinl E
    (2012) B cells and antibodies in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and therapy. Nat Rev Neurol 8, 613–623.
  10. ↵
    1. Haghikia A,
    2. Hohlfeld R,
    3. Gold R,
    4. Fugger L
    (2013) Therapies for multiple sclerosis:translational achievements and outstanding needs. Trends Mol Med 19, 309–319.
  11. ↵
    1. Conlon P,
    2. Oksenberg JR,
    3. Zhang J,
    4. Steinman L
    (1999) The immunobiology of multiple sclerosis:an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Neurobiol Dis 6, 149–166.
  12. ↵
    1. Navikas V,
    2. Link H
    (1996) Review: cytokines and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 45, 322–433.
  13. ↵
    1. Krupp LB
    (2003) Fatigue in multiple sclerosis:definition, pathophysiology and treatment. CNS Drugs 17, 225–234.
  14. ↵
    1. Iaffaldano P,
    2. Viterbo RG,
    3. Paolicelli D,
    4. Lucchese G,
    5. Portaccio E,
    6. Goretti B,
    7. et al.
    (2012) Impact of natalizumab on cognitive performances and fatigue in relapsing multiple sclerosis:a prospective, open-label, two years observational study. PLoS One 7, e35843.
  15. ↵
    1. Mostert S,
    2. Kesselring J
    (2002) Effects of a short-term exercise training program on aerobic fitness, fatigue, health perception and activity level of subjects with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 8, 161–168.
  16. ↵
    1. Romme Christensen J,
    2. Börnsen L,
    3. Ratzer R,
    4. Piehl F,
    5. Khademi M,
    6. Olsson T,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Systemic inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis involves follicular T-helper, Th17- and activated B-cells and correlates with progression. PLoS One 8, e57820.
  17. ↵
    1. Kowarik MC,
    2. Pellkofer HL,
    3. Cepok S,
    4. Korn T,
    5. Kumpfel T,
    6. Buck D,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Differential effects of fingolimod (FTY720) on immune cells in the CSF and blood of patients with MS. Neurology 76, 1214–1221.
  18. ↵
    1. Sato DK,
    2. Nakashima I,
    3. Bar-Or A,
    4. Misu T,
    5. Suzuki C,
    6. Nishiyama S,
    7. et al.
    (2014) Changes in Th17 and regulatory T cells after fingolimod initiation to treat multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 268, 95–98.
  19. ↵
    1. Rao SP,
    2. Sancho J,
    3. Campos-Rivera J,
    4. Boutin PM,
    5. Severy PB,
    6. Weeden T,
    7. et al.
    (2012) Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exhibit heterogeneous CD52 expression levels and show differential sensitivity to alemtuzumab mediated cytolysis. PLoS One 7, e39416.
  20. ↵
    1. Turner MJ,
    2. Lamorte MJ,
    3. Chretien N,
    4. Havari E,
    5. Roberts BL,
    6. Kaplan JM,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Immune status following alemtuzumab treatment in human CD52 transgenic mice. J Neuroimmunol 261, 29–36.
  21. ↵
    1. Menge T,
    2. Stüve O,
    3. Kieseier BC,
    4. Hartung HP
    (2014) Alemtuzumab:the advantages and challenges of a novel therapy in MS. Neurology 83, 87–97.
  22. ↵
    1. Coles AJ,
    2. Compston A
    (2014) Product licences for alemtuzumab and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 383, 867–868.
  23. ↵
    1. Cohen JA,
    2. Coles AJ,
    3. Arnold DL,
    4. Confavreux C,
    5. Fox EJ,
    6. Hartung HP,
    7. et al.
    (2012) Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis:a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 380, 1819–1828.
  24. ↵
    1. Maggi E,
    2. Vultaggio A,
    3. Matucci A
    (2011) Acute infusion reactions induced by monoclonal antibody therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 7, 55–63.
  25. ↵
    1. Ibitoye R,
    2. Wilkins A
    (2014) Thyroid papillary carcinoma after alemtuzumab therapy for MS. J Neurol 261, 1828–1829.
  26. ↵
    1. Gross RH,
    2. Krieger S
    (2015) Alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis:an update. Neurodegener Dis Manag 5, 225–232.
    1. Wiendl H,
    2. Kieseier B
    (2013) Multiple sclerosis:reprogramming the immune repertoire with alemtuzumab in MS. Nat Rev Neurol 9, 125–126.
  27. ↵
    1. Costelloe L,
    2. Jones J,
    3. Coles A
    (2012) Secondary autoimmune diseases following alemtuzumab therapy for multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 12, 335–341.
  28. ↵
    1. Kihara Y,
    2. Groves A,
    3. Rivera RR,
    4. Chun J
    (2015) Dimethyl fumarate inhibits integrin alpha4 expression in multiple sclerosis models. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2, 978–983.
    1. Longbrake EE,
    2. Ramsbottom MJ,
    3. Cantoni C,
    4. Ghezzi L,
    5. Cross AH,
    6. Piccio L
    (2015) Dimethyl fumarate selectively reduces memory T cells in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler.
  29. ↵
    1. Spencer CM,
    2. Crabtree-Hartman EC,
    3. Lehmann-Horn K,
    4. Cree BA,
    5. Zamvil SS
    (2015) Reduction of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2, e76.
  30. ↵
    1. Ghoreschi K,
    2. Brück J,
    3. Kellerer C,
    4. Deng C,
    5. Peng H,
    6. Rothfuss O,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Fumarates improve psoriasis and multiple sclerosis by inducing type II dendritic cells. J Exp Med 208, 2291–2303.
  31. ↵
    1. Linker RA,
    2. Lee DH,
    3. Ryan S,
    4. van Dam AM,
    5. Conrad R,
    6. Bista P,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Brain 134, 678–692.
  32. ↵
    1. Papadopoulou A,
    2. D’Souza M,
    3. Kappos L,
    4. Yaldizli O
    (2010) Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 19, 1603–1612.
  33. ↵
    1. Kappos L,
    2. Gold R,
    3. Arnold DL,
    4. Bar-Or A,
    5. Giovannoni G,
    6. Selmaj K,
    7. et al.
    (2014) Quality of life outcomes with BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis:the DEFINE study. Mult Scler 20, 243–252.
  34. ↵
    1. Meissner M,
    2. Valesky EM,
    3. Kippenberger S,
    4. Kaufmann R
    (2012) Dimethyl fumarate - only an anti-psoriatic medication? J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 10, 793–801.
  35. ↵
    1. Polman CH,
    2. O’Connor PW,
    3. Havrdova E,
    4. Hutchinson M,
    5. Kappos L,
    6. Miller DH,
    7. et al.
    (2006) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 354, 899–910.
  36. ↵
    1. Warnke C,
    2. Adams O,
    3. Hartung HP,
    4. Kieseier BC
    (2011) Assessment of JC virus DNA in blood and urine from natalizumab-treated patients. Ann Neurol 69, 215–216, author reply 216.
  37. ↵
    1. Planas R,
    2. Jelčić I,
    3. Schippling S,
    4. Martin R,
    5. Sospedra M
    (2012) Natalizumab treatment perturbs memory- and marginal zone-like B-cell homing in secondary lymphoid organs in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 42, 790–798.
  38. ↵
    1. Warnke C,
    2. Pawlita M,
    3. Dehmel T,
    4. Posevitz-Fejfar A,
    5. Hartung HP,
    6. Wiendl H,
    7. et al.
    (2013) An assay to quantify species-specific anti-JC virus antibody levels in MS patients. Mult Scler 19, 1137–1144.
  39. ↵
    1. Schwab N,
    2. Schneider-Hohendorf T,
    3. Posevitz V,
    4. Breuer J,
    5. Göbel K,
    6. Windhagen S,
    7. et al.
    (2013) L-selectin is a possible biomarker for individual PML risk in natalizumab-treated MS patients. Neurology 81, 865–871.
  40. ↵
    1. Sievers C,
    2. Meira M,
    3. Hoffmann F,
    4. Fontoura P,
    5. Kappos L,
    6. Lindberg RL
    (2012) Altered microRNA expression in B lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis:towards a better understanding of treatment effects. Clin Immunol 144, 70–79.
  41. ↵
    1. Muñoz-Culla M,
    2. Irizar H,
    3. Castillo-Triviño T,
    4. Sáenz-Cuesta M,
    5. Sepúlveda L,
    6. Lopetegi I,
    7. et al.
    (2014) Blood miRNA expression pattern is a possible risk marker for natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 20, 1851–1859.
  42. ↵
    1. Benkert TF,
    2. Dietz L,
    3. Hartmann EM,
    4. Leich E,
    5. Rosenwald A,
    6. Serfling E,
    7. et al.
    (2012) Natalizumab exerts direct signaling capacity and supports a pro-inflammatory phenotype in some patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 7, e52208.
  43. ↵
    1. Kappos L,
    2. Radue EW,
    3. O’Connor P,
    4. Polman C,
    5. Hohlfeld R,
    6. Calabresi P,
    7. et al.
    (2010) A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 362, 387–401.
  44. ↵
    1. Cohen JA,
    2. Barkhof F,
    3. Comi G,
    4. Hartung HP,
    5. Khatri BO,
    6. Montalban X,
    7. et al.
    (2010) Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 362, 402–415.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Neurosciences Journal: 21 (1)
Neurosciences Journal
Vol. 21, Issue 1
1 Jan 2016
  • Table of Contents
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Neurosciences Journal.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
The use of immune modulating drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Neurosciences Journal
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Neurosciences Journal web site.
Citation Tools
The use of immune modulating drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Fahd A. Al-Khamis
Neurosciences Journal Jan 2016, 21 (1) 4-9; DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2016.1.20150252

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
The use of immune modulating drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Fahd A. Al-Khamis
Neurosciences Journal Jan 2016, 21 (1) 4-9; DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2016.1.20150252
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Structural and functional changes in the hippocampus induced by environmental exposures
  • Tumefactive demyelinating lesions: A literature review of recent findings
  • Epilepsia partialis continua: A review
Show more Review Article

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • home

More Information

  • Help

Additional journals

  • All Topics

Other Services

  • About

© 2025 Neurosciences Journal Neurosciences is copyright under the Berne Convention and the International Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Neurosciences is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work. Electronic ISSN 1658-3183. Print ISSN 1319-6138.

Powered by HighWire