Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Flow diagram of study participants among tuberculous meningitis patients assessed for headache severity.
- Figure 2
Kaplan Meier survival curves in tuberculous meningitis patients with headache observed at the time of inclusion in the study.
Tables
- Table 1
Baseline characteristics among 95 tuberculous meningitis patients assessed for headache severity.
Characteristics n (%) Age (mean±SD) 32.54±13.9 Male 44 (46.3) Duration of illness (days) (mean±SD) 78.80±54.8 History of tuberculosis 24 (25.3) BMRC staging I 21 (22.1) II 41 (43.2) III 33 (34.7) Fever 92 (96.8) Headache severity Mild 22 (23.2) Moderate 22 (23.2) Severe 35 (36.8) Headache severity Mild 22 (23.2) Moderate 22 (23.2) Severe 35 (36.8) Headache severity Mild 22 (23.2) Moderate 22 (23.2) Severe 35 (36.8) Intolerable 16 (16.8) Vomiting 76 (80.0) Seizures 44 (46.3) Diplopia 38 (40.0) Cranial nerve involvement 52 (54.7) Hemiparesis 7 (7.4) Papilledema 55 (57.9) Optic atrophy 16 (16.8) Ataxia 7 (7.4) Paraparesis 5 (5.3) Vision Normal 84 (88.4) Low vision 7 (7.4) Blindness 4 (4.2) Neck rigidity 73 (76.8) Kerning sign 74 (77.9) AFB stain positive 23 (24.2) Culture positive 14 (14.7) PCR positive 51 (52.7) Diagnostic category Definite 53 (55.8) Probable 22 (23.2) Possible 20 (21.0) MRI findings Exudates 38 (40.0) Meningeal enhancement 42 (44.2) Hydrocephalus 42 (44.2) Tuberculoma 35 (36.8) Infarct 13 (13.7) Normal 14 (14.7) Follow up at 6 months Death 15 (15.8) Good outcome (MBI >12) 72 (75.8) Poor outcome (MBI ≤12) 8 (8.4) BMRC - British Medical Research Council, MBI - Modified Barthel index, AFB - acid-fast bacillus, PCR - polymerase chain reaction
- Table 2
Character, location, and lateralization of headache in patients with tuberculous meningitis.
At baseline Headache n (%) Death n (%) (N=15) Total Mild Moderate Severe Intolerable Character of headache Throbbing 46 6 (13.0) 13 (28.3) 21 (45.65) 6 (13.0) 3 (20.0) Sharp 20 8 (40.0) 4 (20.0) 8 (35.0) 1 (5.0) 1 (6.7) Stabbing 18 4 (22.2) 3 (16.7) 2 (11.1) 9 (50.0) 10 (66.7) Tight band like 11 4 (36.4) 2 (18.2) 5 (45.45) 0 0 1 (6.7) Location of headache Holocranial 57 1 (1.75) 10 (17.5) 30 (52.6) 16 (28.1) 15 (100) Frontal 13 8 (61.5) 4 (30.8) 1 (7.7) 0 (0) 0 (0) Frontotemporal 16 9 (56.25) 5 (1.25) 2 (12.5) 0 (0) 0 (0) Occipital 4 2 (50.0) 0 (0) 2 (50.0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Fronto-parieto-temporal 5 2 (40.0) 3 (60.0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Lateralization of headache Bilateral 69 10 (14.5) 12 (17.4) 31 (44.9) 16 (23.2) 15 (100) Unilateral 26 12 (46.15) 10 (38.5) 4 (15.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) - Table 3
Significant predictors of headache severity on univariate analysis in tuberculous meningitis (TBM) patients.
Characteristic Headache n (%) Significance Total Mild Moderate Severe Intolerable χ2 P-value CSF protein >250mg/dl 37 1 (2.7) 2 (5.4) 20 (54.05) 14 (37.84) 39.93 0.000 Cranial nerve involvement 52 7 (13.5) 15 (28.85) 16 (30.8) 14 (26.92) 14.35 0.002 Vision involvement 30 3 (10.0) 4 (13.3) 16 (53.3) 7 (23.33) 9.43 0.024 Seizure 44 3 (6.8) 3 (6.8) 28 (63.6) 10 (22.73) 36.55 0.000 Neck rigidity 73 12 (16.4) 17 (23.3) 32 (43.8) 12 (16.44) 10.36 0.016 BMRC stage III 33 0 (0) 7 (21.2) 11 (33.3) 15 (45.45) 41.75 0.000 Headache character - throbbing 46 6 (13.0) 13 (28.3) 21 (45.65) 6 (13.04) 26.47 0.002 Headache location - holocranial 57 1 (1.75) 10 (17.5) 30 (52.6) 16 (28.07) 56.50 0.001 Meningeal enhancement 42 6 (14.3) 6 (14.3) 19 (45.2) 11 (16.84) 10.46 0.015 Basal exudates 38 3 (7.9) 1 (2.6) 22 (57.9) 12 (31.58) 33.67 0.000 Hydrocephalus 42 5 (11.9) 7 (16.7) 24 (57.1) 6 (14.29) 14.19 0.003 MBI <12 56 6 (10.7) 8 (14.3) 27 (48.2) 15 (26.79) 26.55 0.000 TBM diagnosis definite 53 5 (9.4) 10 (18.9) 24 (45.3) 14 (26.42) 23.53 0.001 BMRC - British Medical Research Council, MBI - Modified Barthel index
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