Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

A cross-sectional study to evaluate metabolic and demographic factors affecting cognitive function among low educated internal medicine outpatients

Feride Alakus, Serife A. Helvaci, Mustafa Temizel and Yucel Arman
Neurosciences Journal January 2017, 22 (1) 38-43; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2017.1.20160259

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Tables

  • Table 1

    Demographics and clinical characteristics of Internal Medicine Outpatients.

    Clinical characteristicsMean±SD, n (%)
    Age (years)61.7±8.7
     ≤6069 (53.1)
     >60 and ≤7039 (30.0)
     >7022 (16.9)
    Gender, n (%)
     Female82 (63.1)
     Male48 (36.9)
    Body mass index (kg/m2)28.9±4.9
     <2526 (20.0)
     ≥25 and <3048 (36.9)
     ≥3056 (43.1)
    Hypertensive patients100±76.9
     SBP<140 mmHg and DBP<90 mmHg46 (46.0)
     SBP≥140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg54 (54.0)
     Age at onset of hypertension (years)55.3±10.0
     Duration of hypertension (years)7.0±6.0
    Anti-hypertensive treatment
     No treatment15 (15.0)
     Monotherapy24 (24.0)
     Combination therapy61 (61.0)

    • DBP - diastolic blood pressure, SBP - systolic blood pressure, SD - standard deviation

  • Table 2

    Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE) scores and cognitive ability among Internal Medicine Outpatients.

    SMMSE scoresMean±SD
    Total score25.3±3.4
    Component scores
     Orientation4.1±1.0
     Registration3.0±0.2
     Attention and calculation4.1±1.3
     Recalling1.5±1.0
     Language7.5±0.7
     Constructional ability0.6±0.5
    Cognitive abilityn (%)
     Moderate cognitive impairment (scores 13-20)13 (10.0)
     Mild cognitive impairment (scores of 21-25)38 (29.2)
     Normal (scores ≥ 26)79 (60.8)
  • Table 3

    Standardized mini-mental state examination scores with respect to study variables among Internal Medicine Outpatients.

    Study variablesTotalOrientationRegistrationAttention and calculationRecallingLanguageConstructional ability
    Median (IQR)
    Gender
     Male, n=4826.0 (4.0)5.0 (1.0)3.0 (0.0)4.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)7.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)
     Female n=8226.0 (4.0)4.0 (2.0)3.0 (0.0)5.0 (1.0)2.0 (1.0)8.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)
    p=0.690p=0.002p=0.498p=0.434p=0.044p=0.183p=0.455
    Age
     ≤60 years n=6927.0 (2.0)5.0 (1.0)3.0 (0.0)5.0 (1.0)2.0 (1.0)8.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)
     >60 years n=6125.0 (5.0)4.0 (2.0)3.0 (0.0)5.0 (1.0)1. 0 (2.0)7.0 (1.0)0.0 (1.0)
    p<0.001p=0.009p=0.008p=0.806p<0.001p<0.001p<0.001
    BMI category
     <25 kg/m2n=2626.0 (6.0)4.0 (1.0)3.0 (0.0)4.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)8.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)
     ≥25 kg/m2n=10426.0 (3.5)4.0 (1.0)3.0 (0.0)5.0 (1.0)2.0 (1.0)8.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)
    p=0.758p=0.726p=0.835p=0.332p=0.205p=0.672p=0.860
    Hypertension
     Yes n=10026.0 (4.0)5.0 (1.0)3.0 (0.0)5.0 (1.0)2.0 (1.0)8.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)
     No n=3027.0 (3.0)4.0 (1.5)3.0 (0.0)4.0 (1.0)2.0 (1.0)8.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)
    p=0.106p=0.166p=0.171p=0.435p=0.169p=0.778p=0.083
    Treatment
     None n=1526.0 (5.0)4.0 (2.0)3.0 (0.0)5.0 (1.0)1.0 (2.0)7.0 (1.0)0.0 (1.0)
     Monotherapy n=2426.0 (5.0)4.0 (2.0)3.0 (0.0)5.0 (2.0)2.0 (1.0)7.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)
     Combination therapy n=6127.0 (4.0)4.0 (1.0)3.0 (0.0)5.0 (1.0)2.0 (1.0)8.0 (1.0)1.0 (1.0)
    p=0.160p=0.593p=0.360p=0.939p=0.532p=0.042p=0.540

    • BMI - body mass index, IQR - interquartile range

  • Table 4

    Mutually adjusted multivariate linear regression analysis of factors potentially predicting SMMSE scores among internal medicine outpatients.

    SMMSE scoreAge (years)*GenderBMI**Hypertension
    LR coefficient (%95 CI)
    Total−0.20 (−0.26/−0.14)−1.27 (−2.36/−0.18)0.05 (−0.06/0.16)−0.33 (−1.56/0.91)
    p-value<0.0010.0230.4060.598
    Orientation−0.05 (−0.06/−0.03)−0.72 (−1.04/−0.40)0.01 (−0.02/0.05)−0.18 (-0.55/0.19)
    p-value<0.001<0.0010.4150.332
    Registration−0.01 (−0.01/−0.002)0.01 (−0.06/0.09)−0.004 (−0.01/0.004)−0.03 (−0.12/0.05)
    p-value0.0030.7240.3540.462
    Attention and calculation−0.01 (−0.04/0.01)−0.07 (−0.55/0.41)0.03 (−0.02/0.08)0.04 (−0.51/0.58)
    p-value0.3410.7710.2280.895
    Recalling−0.03 (−0.05/−0.02)0.17 (−0.16/0.51)0.02 (−0.02/0.05)−0.22 (−0.61/0.16)
    p-value<0.0010.3080.2930.248
    Language−0.02 (−0.04/−0.01)0.07 (−0.17/0.31)−0.01 (−0.03/0.02)0.01 (−0.26/0.28)
    p-value<0.0010.5870.5910.925
    Constructional ability−0.02 (−0.03/−0.01)−0.12 (−0.29/0.05)−0.01 (−0.03/0.01)−0.09 (−0.29/0.10)
    p-value<0.0010.1760.3000.351

    • BMI, body mass index; LR, linear regression; SMMSE, standardized Mini-Mental State Examination,

    • ↵* Results for being female relative to being male,

    • ↵** results for having hypertension relative to being normotensive

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