Is cesarean section delivery associated with autism spectrum disorder?

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

Basic characteristics of cases and control subjects.

Characteristics	Cases (N=87)	Controls (N=174)	P-value
	n (%)
*Gender*
Male	65 (74.71)	129 (74.14)	0.920
Female	22 (25.29)	45 (25.86)
*Maternal age*
<30	55 (63.22)	120 (68.97)	0.352
≥30	32 (36.78)	54 (31.03)
*Paternal age*
<30	24 (27.59)	59 (33.91)	0.301
≥30	63 (72.41)	115 (66.09)
*Father’s education*
≤9	17 (19.54)	41 (23.56)	0.356
10-12	27 (31.03)	40 (22.99)	0.356
≥13	43 (49.43)	93 (53.45)
*Mother’s education*
≤9	39 (44.83)	57 (32.76)	0.161
10-12	19 (21.84)	45 (25.86)	0.161
≥13	29 (33.33)	72 (41.38)
*Family’s income (SR)*
<6000	39 (44.83)	75 (43.10)	0.795
6000-10000	34 (39.08)	65 (37.36)	0.795
>10000	14 (16.09)	34 (19.54)
*Parity (previous births)*
0	28 (32.18)	56 (32.18)	0.163
1	13 (14.94)	46 (26.44)
2	14 (16.09)	23 (13.22)
≥3	32 (36.78)	49 (28.16)
*Maternal smoking*
Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-
No	87 (100)	174 (100)
*Maternal DM*
Yes	4 (4.65)	9 (5.17)	0.856
No	82 (95.35)	165 (94.83)
*Maternal HTN*
Yes	10 (11.63)	8 (4.60)	0.036
No	76 (88.37)	166 (95.40)
*Cesarean Section*
Yes	34 (39.08)	36 (20.69)	0.002
No	53 (60.92)	138 (79.31)	0.002

Delivery type	Number of cases/controls	Crude	Odds ratio (95% CI)
			Adjusted
			^*Model 1	^{^†}Model 2
*Cesarean section*
Yes	34/36	2.46 (1.40-4.33)	2.9 (1.57-5.35)	3.41 (1.76-6.58)
No	53/138	Ref	Ref	Ref