Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Follow up diagram.
- Figure 2
Changes by time in motor development in groups A gross motor B Fine motor.
Tables
Positions Movement Aims Supine -Weight bearing through head, neck, and shoulder with trunk elongation
-Pelvis rotation
-Stimulation of upper and lower extremities with different surfaces-Increase strength and control of the anterior shoulder and chest muscles
-Increase strength and balance. Control of the anterior and posterior neck muscles
-Improve proximal stabilization and proprioceptive inputs
-Maintain the head up and in the midlineProne -Weight bearing through upper limbs with vestibular stimulations; intermittent compression through shoulders
-Pelvis stabilization-Increase strength and balance of the anterior and posterior shoulder muscles
-Increase strength, balance, and control of the anterior and posterior neck and upper back musclesSide lying -Bilateral upper limb activities and dissociated movement in lower extremities -Scapula stabilization
-Strength and control of shoulder girdle to provide a stable base for head lifting and turning
-Bring the hands to mouth
-Improve selective movements in hipsSitting -Reaching forward, backward and sides with trunk elongation -Increase the strength of back extensors and abdominal muscles
-Improve anterior, posterior and sideway balance
-Provide postural control -Reach to toy with hands and graspStanding -Reaching forward and sideways while standing, weight bearing of lower extremities in front of the mirror, cruising around furniture -Increase the strength of back and hip extensors and abdominal muscles
-Increase the strength of gluteus medius to provide the hip stabilization in the stance phase of walkingTransition Positions -Sitting to stand, rolling supine to prone, supine to sit -Increase the strength of back and trunk extensors
-Minimize the asymmetry
-Improve the balance and postural control
-Increase the strength of the trapezius and quadriceps muscleDemographic characteristics Study Group (n=16) Control Group (n=16) P-value Median (min-max) Corrected age (d) 90(85-96) 90.5(87-95) 0.89 Weight (g) at 3 m 5445(4100-6980) 5465(4300-6500) 0.72 Height (cm) at 3 m 59.5 (50-64) 59(53-65) 0.85 Gestational age (wk) 28.85 (26.43-32) 29 (27-32) 0.49 Birth weight (g) 1285 (710-1500) 1360 (920-1500) 0.57 Maternal age (yr) 32.6±5.9 30.37±4.5 0.14 Gender n(%) Girls 8 (50) 8 (50) 1.00 zBoys 8 (50) 8 (50) Genreral movement analysis (Fidgety Movements - FM) n(%) Absent FM 6 6 1.00 Sporadic/Abnormal FM 10 10 IVH gr. (1-2) 5 (31.3) 6 (37.5) 1.00 IUGR 1 (6.3) 2 (12.5) 1.00 Values are given as median (minimum-maximum) for continuous variables, and frequency for categorical variables. aMann-Whitney’s U-test for continuous variable, b Chi-square test for categorical variables. P-values of <0.05 were considered significant. X - mean, SD - standard deviation, d - days, g - grams, cm - centimeter, wk - weeks, yr - years, IVH - intraventricular hemorrhage, gr - grade, m - months, IUGR - intrauterine growth retardation
Bayley-III Study Group (n=16) Control Group (n=16) Months Median 25-75% Median 25-75% Fine motor 3 10 9.25-12 11 9.25-12 6 22 19.5-24.5 21 19.25-22 9 26 23.25-28 25 24-28 12 28.5 25.5-30.75 28.5 25-30 24 40.5 37.25-41 38 36.25-41 Gross Motor 3 14.5 13.25-18 15.5 14-18 6 29 27-33 28 27-30.75 9 38 34.5-40 37.5 36-39.75 12 41.5 30.25-45.25 41.5 37.5-43.75 24 59 54.25-60.75 57.5 55-59.75 Bayley-III Study Group Control Group Changes by time in fine and gross motor development within groups Changes by time in fine and gross motor development between groups X/SD X/SD Study Group Control Group Z pb Effect size (db) Z pa Z pa Differences Between Months Fine motor 6-3 11.37 2.12 10.62 1.99 -3.536 <0.001* -3.552 <0.001* -1.555 0.12 0.36 9-6 4.06 1.73 4.75 0.77 -3.360 0.001* -3.573 <0.001* -1.989 0.32 0.51 12-9 2.37 1.45 2 1.89 -3.335 0.001* -3.207 0.001* -1.081 0.28 0.21 24-12 10.87 1.92 10.37 2.09 -3.526 0.001* -3.528 <0.001* -0.534 0.61 0.24 Gross motor 6-3 14.06 3.31 12.68 2.77 -3.522 <0.001* -3.538 <0.001* -1.223 0.22 0.45 9-6 8.18 2.45 8.93 0.77 -3.553 <0.001* -3.621 <0.001* -0.779 0.43 0.41 12-9 4 2.06 3.87 2.65 -3.528 <0.001* -3.570 <0.001* -0.693 0.48 0.054 24-12 15.81 2.58 15.31 2.33 -3.524 <0.001* -3.540 <0.001* -0.609 0.54 0.203 **Statistically significant at p<0.05. P-value (superscript a) for within-group change calculated using Wilcoxon signedrank test. P-value (superscript b) for between-group difference in baseline scores calculated using Mann Whitney-U tests. X - mean, SD - standard deviation, Effect Size: db >0.80
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