Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Bar chart demonstrating the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress disorders (DASD) among medical and non-medical students
- Figure 2
- Pie chart illustrating a)the depression severity in medical versus non-medical students, b) the anxiety severity in medical versus non-medical students, C) the stress severity in medical versus non-medical students.
Tables
- Table 1
- Socio-demographic characteristics and academic profile of the study participants.
Medical Students n=231 Non-medical Students n=234 n (%) Total n=465 Socio-demographic characteristics Age (mean, SD) 21.67 (1.56) 21.23 (2.34) 21.46 (2.00) Gender Male 106 (45.89) 92 (39.32) 198 (42.58) Female 125 (54.11) 142 (60.68) 267 (57.42) Marital status Not married 224 (96.97) 202 (86.32) 426 (91.61) Married 7 (3.03) 32 (13.68) 39 (8.39) Hometown* Urban 224 (96.97) 210 (91.30) 234 (94.14) Rural/Countryside 7 (3.03) 20 (8.70) 27 (5.86) Father’s educational level* Illiterate 2 (0.87) 8 (3.46) 10 (2.17) Primary-intermediate 28 (12.17) 53 (22.94) 81 (17.57) Secondary 62 (26.96) 70 (30.30) 132 (28.63) University+ 138 (60.00) 100 (43.29) 238 (51.63) Mother’s educational level* Illiterate 9 (3.90) 30 (12.99) 39 (8.44) Primary-intermediate 29 (12.55) 52 (22.51) 81 (17.53) Secondary 45 (19.48) 59 (25.54) 104 (22.51) University+ 148 (64.07) 90 (38.96) 238 (51.52) Residence place during the time of the study* Students’ residence facility 9 (3.90) 15 (6.55) 24 (5.22) Living with family 222 (96.10) 214 (93.45) 436 (94.78) Family monthly income (in Saudi Riyals)* <5000 6 (3.55) 27 (17.53) 33 (10.22) 5000-10000 32 (18.93) 42 (27.27) 74 (22.91) >10000-20000 74 (43.79) 62 (40.26) 136 (42.11) >20000 57 (33.73) 23 (14.94) 80 (24.77) Academic profile Number of registered weekly hours (mean, SD)* 25.64 (9.35) 16.28 (4.39) 20.79 (8.60) Academic level Junior 89 (38.53) 168 (78.50) 257 (57.75) Senior 142 (61.47) 46 (21.50) 188 (42.25) Did you match with the first choice in admission?* Yes 197 (86.40) 140 (61.50) 337 (74.07) No 31 (13.60) 87 (38.50) 118 (25.93) Failure in learning module(s)* No 217 (94.76) 156 (67.24) 373 (80.91) Yes 12 (5.24) 76 (32.76) 88 (19.09) GPA (mean, SD)* 3.39 (0.44) 3.05 (0.63) 3.23 (0.56) Daily studying hours after school* <1 hour 21 (9.09) 78 (33.91) 99 (21.48) 1-2 hours 86 (37.23) 83 (36.09) 169 (36.66) >2-4 hours 90 (38.96) 41 (17.83) 131 (28.42) >4 hours 34 (14.72) 28 (12.17) 62 (13.45) *The variable has missing values
Category Medical students Non-medical students P-value‡ Depression Prevalence 129 (55.84%) 122 (52.14%) 0.423 Mean of score (SD) 12.94 (11.29) 11.24 (9.72) 0.082§ Normal 102 (44.16) 112 (47.86) Mild 29 (12.55) 31 (13.25) 0.142 Moderate 50 (21.65) 48 (20.51) Severe 20 (8.66) 28 (11.97) Extremely severe 30 (12.99) 15 (6.41) Anxiety Prevalence 106 (45.89%) 141 (60.26%) 0.002* Mean (SD) 8.46 (9.07) 11.09 (9.79) 0.003*§ Normal 126 (54.11) 93 (39.74) Mild 20 (8.66) 23 (9.83) 0.024* Moderate 39 (16.88) 44 (18.80) Severe 16 (6.93) 26 (11.11) Extremely severe 31 (13.42) 48 (20.51) Stress Prevalence 87 (37.66%) 89 (38.03%) 0.934 Mean (SD) 13.74 (11.69) 12.09 (10.23) 0.105§ Normal 144 (62.34) 145 (61.97) Mild 18 (7.79) 24 (10.26) 0.007* Moderate 26 (11.26) 33 (14.10) Severe 17 (7.36) 25 (10.68) Extremely severe 26 (11.26) 7 (2.99) *Statically significant at p<0.05. ‡Chi-squared test unless mentioned otherwise. §Student’s t-test.
- Table 3
- Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of different factors on depression among medical and non-medical students.
Variables OR P value 95% CI aOR P value 95% CI UL LL LL UL Study field Medicine Ref Ref Education 0.86 0.42 0.60 1.24 1.07 0.84 0.55 2.07 Energy beverages† 1.43 0.01* 1.08 1.89 1.61 0.05 1.01 2.58 Gender Male Ref Ref Female 1.89 <0.001* 1.30 2.74 2.13 0.02* 1.15 3.93 Family conflicts at home‡ 2.10 <0.001* 1.45 3.04 1.83 0.04* 1.02 3.26 Psychiatric condition No Ref Ref Yes 7.43 <0.001* 2.58 21.41 10.66 0.03* 1.32 86.38 Time from home to university§ 1.53 <0.001* 1.19 1.96 1.50 0.04* 1.02 2.19 Academic level Junior Ref Ref Senior 1.29 0.19 0.88 1.88 2.53 0.01* 1.29 4.95 OR - Odds ratio, aOR - adjusted odds ratio, CI - confidence interval, UL - Upper limit, LL - Lower limit. *statistically significant. †Ordinal variable (1: Never, 2: Occasionally, 3: Once daily, and 4: >2 times daily). ‡Ordinal variable (1: Composed/Stable, 2: Minor conflicts, and 3: Major conflicts). §Ordinal variable (1: less than 15 minutes, 2: 15 – 30 minutes, 3: more than 30 – 60 minutes, and 4: more than 60 minutes).
- Table 4
- Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of different factors on anxiety among medical and non-medical students.
Category OR P-value 95% CI aOR P-value 95% CI LL UL LL UL Study field Medicine Ref Ref Education 1.79 0.002* 1.24 2.58 2.07 0.02* 1.15 3.71 Hobbies and leisure† 1.00 0.99 0.82 1.22 1.40 0.04* 1.02 1.93 Gender Male Ref Ref Female 2.13 <0.001* 1.46 3.09 1.97 0.03* 1.07 3.61 Family conflicts at home‡ 2.21 <0.001* 1.53 3.20 1.95 0.02* 1.12 3.40 Energy beverages§ 1.66 0.001* 1.24 2.21 1.77 0.02* 1.10 2.84 Time from home to university¶ 1.74 <0.001* 1.35 2.24 1.68 0.01* 1.14 2.47 OR - Odds ratio, aOR - adjusted odds ratio, CI - confidence interval, UL - Upper limit, LL - Lower limit, *statistically significant, †Ordinal variable (1: None, 2: Rarely, 3: Occasionally, and 4: Regularly). ‡Ordinal variable (1: Composed/Stable, 2: Minor conflicts, and 3: Major conflicts). §Ordinal variable (1: Never, 2: Occasionally, 3: Once daily, and 4: ≥2 times daily). ¶Ordinal variable (1: less than 15 minutes, 2: 15 – 30 minutes, 3: more than 30 – 60 minutes, and 4: more than 60 minutes)
- Table 5
- Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of different factors on stress among medical and non-medical students.
Category OR P-value 95% CI aOR P-value 95% CI LL UL LL UL Study field Medicine Ref Ref Education 1.02 0.93 0.70 1.48 0.98 0.95 0.57 1.70 Family conflicts at home† 3.07 <0.001* 2.12 4.43 2.69 <0.001* 1.67 4.33 Psychiatric condition No Ref Ref Yes 7.67 <0.001* 3.27 17.98 5.21 0.002* 1.79 15.14 Daily studying hours after school‡ 1.32 0.006* 1.09 1.62 1.37 0.02* 1.04 1.79 Smart device use for entertainment§ 1.50 <0.001* 1.24 1.82 1.48 0.002* 1.15 1.91 Parent status Divorced or dead Ref Ref Alive & married 1.58 0.001* 1.19 2.10 0.43 0.008* 0.23 0.81 Failure in learning module(s) No Ref Ref Yes 0.89 0.53 0.61 1.29 2.07 0.04* 1.02 4.19 OR - Odds ratio, aOR - adjusted odds ratio, CI - confidence interval, UL - Upper limit, LL - Lower limit, *statistically significant, †Ordinal variable (1: Composed/Stable, 2: Minor conflicts, and 3: Major conflicts), ‡Ordinal variable (1: less than 1 hour, 2: 1-2 hours, 3: more than 2-4 hours, and 4: more than 4 hours), §Ordinal variable (1: less than 2 hours daily, 2: 2-4 hours daily, 3: more than 4-6 hours daily, and 4: more than 6 hours daily)
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