Research ArticleOriginal Articles
Open Access

Depression, anxiety and stress among medical and non-medical students in Saudi Arabia: An epidemiological comparative cross-sectional study

Ahmad A. Mirza, Waleed A. Milaat, Iman K. Ramadan, Mukhtiar Baig, Soha A. Elmorsy, Ghada M. Beyari, Mohammed A. Halawani, Ruqayyah A. Azab, Meshari T. Zahrani and Nora K. Khayat
Neurosciences Journal April 2021, 26 (2) 141-151; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2021.2.20200127

References

  1. 1.↵
    GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388: 1545-1602.
  2. 2.↵
    World Health Organization (WHO). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. Geneva: WHO; 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
  3. 3.↵
    1. Mirzaei M,
    2. Yasini Ardekani SM,
    3. Mirzaei M,
    4. Dehghani A.
    Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Adult Population: Results of Yazd Health Study. Iran J Psychiatry 2019; 14: 137-146.
    OpenUrl
  4. 4.↵
    1. Lykkegaard J,
    2. Rosendal M,
    3. Brask K,
    4. Brandt L,
    5. Prior A.
    Prevalence of persons contacting general practice for psychological stress in Denmark. Scand J Prim Health Care 2018; 36: 272-280.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Mareiniss DP.
    Decreasing GME training stress to foster residents’ professionalism. Acad Med 2004; 79: 825-831.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. 6.↵
    1. Shanafelt TD,
    2. Bradley KA,
    3. Wipf JE,
    4. Back AL.
    Burnout and self-reported patient care in an internal medicine residency program. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 358-367.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. 7.↵
    1. Raddadi A,
    2. Aljabri JN,
    3. Kareem MA,
    4. Alattas AM,
    5. Alkhalawi MJ.
    The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety among Medical Students in Comparison with Non-Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in in Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia, 2016. International Journal of Academic Scientific Research 2017; 5: 2272-6446.
    OpenUrl
  8. 8.↵
    1. Puthran R,
    2. Zhang MW,
    3. Tam WW,
    4. Ho RC.
    Prevalence of depression amongst medical students: a meta-analysis. Med Educ 2016; 50: 456-468.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.
    1. Gama Marques J.
    Letter to the Editor about the Article: “Still Regarding Anxiety, Depression and Academic Performance: A Study Amongst Portuguese Medical Students Versus Non-Medical Students”, by João Moreira de Sousa, Cátia A. Moreira, Diogo Telles-Correia. Acta Med Port 2018; 31: 607-608.
    OpenUrl
  10. 10.
    1. Umair Jahngir M,
    2. Hassan Imam HS,
    3. Ahmad MQ,
    4. Jahangir M,
    5. Asad Fraz M,
    6. Shahid Ghaffar M.
    Pattern of Stress among Medical Students of Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad and Non-Medical Students of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Epidemiology (Sunnyvale) 2018; 8: 349.
    OpenUrl
  11. 11.↵
    1. Aamir IS.
    Stress Level Comparison of Medical and Nonmedical Students: A Cross Sectional Study done at Various Professional Colleges in Karachi, Pakistan. Acta Psychopathologica 2017; 3: 1-6.
    OpenUrl
  12. 12.↵
    1. Quek TT,
    2. Tam WW,
    3. Tran BX,
    4. Zhang M,
    5. Zhang Z,
    6. Ho CS, et al.
    The Global Prevalence of Anxiety Among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16: 2735.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  13. 13.↵
    1. Kulsoom B,
    2. Afsar NA.
    Stress, anxiety, and depression among medical students in a multiethnic setting. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11: 1713-1722.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  14. 14.↵
    1. Aboalshamat K,
    2. Hou XY,
    3. Strodl E.
    Psychological well-being status among medical and dental students in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Med Teach 2015; 37: S75-S81.
    OpenUrl
  15. 15.↵
    1. Gazzaz ZJ,
    2. Baig M,
    3. Al Alhendi BSM,
    4. Al Suliman MMO,
    5. Al Alhendi AS,
    6. Al-Grad MSH, et al.
    Perceived stress, reasons for and sources of stress among medical students at Rabigh Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. BMC Med Educ 2018; 18: 29.
    OpenUrl
  16. 16.↵
    1. Saeed AA,
    2. Bahnassy AA,
    3. Al-Hamdan NA,
    4. Almudhaibery FS,
    5. Alyahya AZ.
    Perceived stress and associated factors among medical students. J Family Community Med 2016; 23: 166-171.
    OpenUrl
  17. 17.↵
    1. Ezmeirlly HA,
    2. Farahat FM.
    Illness anxiety disorder and perception of disease and distress among medical students in western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2019; 40: 1144-1149.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    1. AlFaris E,
    2. Irfan F,
    3. Qureshi R,
    4. Naeem N,
    5. Alshomrani A,
    6. Ponnamperuma G, et al.
    Health professions’ students have an alarming prevalence of depressive symptoms: exploration of the associated factors. BMC Med Educ 2016; 16: 279.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Alshehri A,
    2. Azahrani H,
    3. Alotaibi M.
    Internet Addiction amon among Taif University Students and its ts Association with Psychiatric Co Morbidities. Merit Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2015; 3: 536-544.
    OpenUrl
  20. 20.↵
    1. Alharbi H,
    2. Almalki A,
    3. Alabdan F,
    4. Haddad B.
    Depression among medical students in Saudi medical colleges: a cross-sectional study. Adv Med Educ Pract 2018; 9: 887-891.
    OpenUrl
  21. 21.↵
    1. Safdar L,
    2. Shahbaz A,
    3. Chaudry S.
    A Comparative Study of Stress among Undergraduate Medical and Non-Medical Students. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College 2018; 22: 77-80.
    OpenUrl
  22. 22.↵
    1. Abdel Rahman AG,
    2. Al Hashim BN,
    3. Al Hiji NK,
    4. Al-Abbad Z.
    Stress among medical Saudi students at College of Medicine, King Faisal University. J Prev Med Hyg 2013; 54: 195-199.
    OpenUrl
  23. 23.
    1. Iqbal S,
    2. Gupta S,
    3. Venkatarao E.
    Stress, anxiety and depression among medical undergraduate students and their socio-demographic correlates. Indian J Med Res. 2015; 141: 354-357.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Beiter R,
    2. Nash R,
    3. McCrady M,
    4. Rhoades D,
    5. Linscomb M,
    6. Clarahan M, et al.
    The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. J Affect Disord 2015; 173: 90-96.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. 25.↵
    1. Lovibond SH,
    2. Lovibond PF
    , editors. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1996.
  26. 26.↵
    1. Basudan S,
    2. Binanzan N,
    3. Alhassan A.
    Depression, anxiety and stress in dental students. Int J Med Educ 2017; 8: 179-186.
    OpenUrl
  27. 27.↵
    1. Lovibond PF,
    2. Lovibond SH.
    The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther 1995; 33: 335-343.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  28. 28.↵
    1. Fawzy M,
    2. Hamed SA.
    Prevalence of psychological stress, depression and anxiety among medical students in Egypt. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255: 186-194.
    OpenUrl
  29. 29.↵
    1. Moussa MT,
    2. Lovibond P,
    3. Laube R,
    4. Megahead HA.
    Psychometric Properties of an Arabic Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). Research on Social Work Practice 2017; 27: 375-386.
    OpenUrl
  30. 30.↵
    1. Fayyaz NM,
    2. Beg R.
    Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Major Depression and Suicidal Ideation among University Students in the Middle East. The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences 2019; 5: 1-5.
    OpenUrl
  31. 31.↵
    1. Ibrahim N,
    2. Al-Kharboush D,
    3. El-Khatib L,
    4. Al-Habib A,
    5. Asali D.
    Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression among Female Medical Students in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Iran J Public Health 2013; 42: 726-736.
    OpenUrl
  32. 32.↵
    1. Dyrbye LN,
    2. Thomas MR,
    3. Shanafelt TD.
    Systematic review of depression, anxiety, and other indicators of psychological distress among U.S. and Canadian medical students. Acad Med 2006; 81: 354-373.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  33. 33.
    1. Elani HW,
    2. Allison PJ,
    3. Kumar RA,
    4. Mancini L,
    5. Lambrou A,
    6. Bedos C.
    A systematic review of stress in dental students. J Dent Educ 2014; 78: 226-242.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  34. 34.↵
    1. Labrague LJ,
    2. McEnroe-Petitte DM,
    3. Gloe D,
    4. Thomas L,
    5. Papathanasiou IV,
    6. Tsaras K.
    A literature review on stress and coping strategies in nursing students. J Ment Health 2017; 26: 471-480.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  35. 35.↵
    1. Bacchi S,
    2. Licinio J.
    Qualitative Literature Review of the Prevalence of Depression in Medical Students Compared to Students in Non-medical Degrees. Acad Psychiatry 2015; 39: 293-299.
    OpenUrl
  36. 36.↵
    1. Amarasuriya SD,
    2. Jorm AF,
    3. Reavley NJ.
    Perceptions and intentions relating to seeking help for depression among medical undergraduates in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional comparison with non-medical undergraduates. BMC Med Educ 2015; 15: 162.
    OpenUrl
  37. 37.↵
    1. Rotenstein LS,
    2. Ramos MA,
    3. Torre M,
    4. Segal JB,
    5. Peluso MJ,
    6. Guille C, et al.
    Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA 2016; 316: 2214-2236.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. 38.↵
    1. Bhat US,
    2. Amaresha AC,
    3. Kodancha P,
    4. John S,
    5. Kumar S,
    6. Aiman A, et al.
    Psychological distress among college students of coastal district of Karnataka: A community-based cross-sectional survey. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 38: 20-24.
    OpenUrl
  39. 39.↵
    1. Menon V,
    2. Sarkar S,
    3. Kumar S.
    Barriers to healthcare seeking among medical students: a cross sectional study from South India. Postgrad Med J 2015; 91: 477-482.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  40. 40.↵
    1. Yusoff MSB,
    2. Abdul Rahim AF,
    3. Yaacob MJ.
    Prevalence and Sources of Stress among Universiti Sains Malaysia Medical Students. Malays J Med Sci 2010; 17: 30-37.
    OpenUrlPubMed
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools
Bookmark this article

Jump to section