Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the ability of the plasma glutamate level to distinguish drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) patients from healthy controls (A). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the ability of the plasma glutamine level to distinguish drug-responsive epilepsy (DSE) patients from healthy controls (B).
Tables
- Table 1
- Characteristics of the healthy control participants as well as the patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) and drug-responsive epilepsy (DSE).
Characteristics Healthy controls (n=132) DRE patients (n=80) P-value DSE patients (n=46) P-value Gender Male 77 49 0.675 26 0.83 Female 55 31 20 Age (years) 29 (26, 34) 27 (23.25, 33.75) 0.009 27 (22, 34.25) 0.056 BMI (kg/m2) 23.65 (21.8, 25.70) 22.69 (19.99, 26.92) 0.254 22.67 (20.90, 25.51) 0.27 Duration of epilepsy (years) N/A 13 (10, 21.75) N/A 9 (4.75, 20) N/A Seizure frequency in the day prior to blood draw n (%) Daily N/A 28 (35) N/A N/A N/A Weekly N/A 20 (26) N/A N/A N/A Monthly N/A 32 (40) N/A N/A N/A AED utilization profile at the last clinic visit n (%) Monotherapy N/A 13 (16.3) N/A 16 (34.8) N/A Polytherapy N/A 67 (83.8) N/A 30 (65.2) N/A Glutamate (μM) 111.358 (99.088, 131.814) 187.68 (152.505, 215.515) <0.001 115.074 (91.71, 152.072) 0.523 Glutamine (μM) 762.65 (709.775, 820.926) 784.142 (726.821, 864.685) 0.111 880.132 (760.29, 954.172) <0.001 BMI - body mass index, AED - antiepileptic drug, N/A - not applicable. Data for age, BMI, duration of eplilepsy, and levels of glutamate and glutamine are presented as median (25% percentile, 75% percentile)
- Table 2
- Plasma glutamate and glutamine levels in the DRE, DSE, and control groups (adjusted for age as a covariate).
Variables Mean 95% [CI] Test statistics P-value Glutamate (μM) Control 112.618 [106.687-118.549] F=233.749 <0.001 DRE 187.483 [179.838-195.129] Glutamine (μM) Control 767.876 [751.039-784.713] F=0.955 0.33 DRE 781.459 [759.757-803.162] Glutamate (μM) Control 113.167 [108.175-118.16] F=3.12 0.079 DSE 121.886 [113.487-130.284] Glutamine (μM) Control 766.568 [749.486-783.649] F=30.118 <0.001 DSE 859.253 [830.517-887.989] DRE - drug-resistant epilepsy, DSE - drug-response epilepsy, CI - confidence interval
- Table 3
- Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of variables able to discriminate between DRE patients and controls.
Variables Crude OR [95% CI] P-value Adjusted OR [95% CI] P-value Gender Female Ref. Male 1.129 [0.64-1.991] 0.675 Age 0.947 [0.906-0.990] 0.017 0.963 [0.899-1.03] 0.273 BMI 0.989 [0.911-1.073] 0.786 Glutamate 1.071 [1.051-1.093] <0.001 1.071 [1.051-1.093] <0.001 Glutamine 1.002 [0.999-1.005] 0.176 DRE - drug-resistant epilepsy, OR - odds ratio, CI - confidence interval
- Table 4
- Univariate logistic regression analysis of factors able to discriminate between DSE patients and controls.
Variables Crude OR [95% CI] P-value Gender Female Ref. Male 0.929 [0.471-1.829] 0.83 Age 0.974 [0.928-1.022] 0.282 BMI 0.982 [0.873-1.106] 0.769 Glutamate 1.01 [0.999-1.021] 0.083 Glutamine 1.009 [1.005-1.012] <0.001 DSE - drug-response epilepsy, OR - odds ratio, CI - confidence interval
- Table 5
- Univariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses for association between tertile glutamate levels and factors in the DRE group.
Variable Crude OR [95% CI] P-value Adjusted OR [95% CI] P-value Gender Female 1 1 Male 6.526 [2.571-16.567] <0.001 6.021 [2.344-15.468] <0.001 Age 0.987 [0.932-1.046] 0.665 BMI 1.124 [1.024-1.233] 0.014 1.109 [1.006-1.222] 0.037 Duration of epilepsy 1.011 [0.966-1.058] 0.645 Seizure frequency Daily 1 Weekly 0.874 [0.304-2.514] 0.803 Monthly 1.253 [0.493-3.187] 0.635 AED utilization profile at the last clinic visit Monotherapy 1 Polytherapy 0.967 [0.325-2.879] 0.951 DRE - drug-resistant epilepsy, OR - odds ratio, CI - confidence interval, BMI - body mass index, AED - antiepileptic drug. Glutamate levels were sorted into a 3-level ordinal scale based on tertiles
