Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Statistically relevant correlations.
Tables
- Table 1
- The prevalence of dysphagia in study subjects according to questionnaire (n=102).
Questionnaire Cut-off score Maximum achievable score Mean score (min-max) Prevalence of dysphagia n (%) EAT-10 ≥3 points 40 points 1.38 (0-20) 15 (14.71) DYMUS ≥1 points 10 points 0.99 (0-7) 40 (39.21) ≥3 points (severe dysphagia) 17 (16.67) SDQ ≥12.5 points 44.5 points 2.94 (0.5-16.5) 6 (5.88) EAT-10 - eating assessment tool, DYMUS - dysphagia in multiple sclerosis, SDQ - swallowing disturbance questionnaire
DYMUS Questionnaire Yes No n (%) Do you have difficulties swallowing solid food (such as meat, bread and the like)? 10 (9.80) 92 (90.20) Do you have difficulties swallowing liquids (such as water, milk, and the like)? 4 (3.92) 98 (96.08) Do you have a globus sensation in your throat during swallowing? 7 (6.86) 95 (93.14) Do you have food sticking in your throat? 11 (10.78) 91 (89.22) Do you cough or do you have a chocking sensation after ingesting solid foods? 8 (7.84) 94 (92.16) Do you cough or do you have a chocking sensation after ingesting liquids? 5 (4.90) 97 (95.10) Do you need to swallow several times before completely swallowing solid food? 16 (15.69) 86 (84.31) Do you need to cut food in small pieces before swallowing? 13 (12.75) 89 (87.25) Do you need to take many sips before completely swallowing liquid? 9 (8.82) 93 (91.18) Do you have weight loss? 18 (17.65) 84 (82.35) DYMUS - dysphagia in multiple sclerosis
EAT-10 questionnaire 0 1 2 3 4 n (%) My swallowing problem has caused me to lose weight. 92 (90.20) 8 (7.84) 1 (0.98) 0 (0.00) 1 (0.98) My swallowing problem interferes with my ability to go out for meals. 95 (93.14) 4 (3.92) 3 (2.94) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) Swallowing liquids takes extra effort. 93 (91.18) 5 (4.90) 4 (3.92) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) Swallowing solids takes extra effort. 87 (85.29) 9 (8.82) 6 (5.88) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) Swallowing pills takes extra effort. 90 (88.24) 4 (3.92) 8 (7.84) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) Swallowing is painful. 99 (97.06) 1 (0.98) 2 (1.96) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) The pleasure of eating is affected by my swallowing. 92 (90.20) 5 (4.90) 4 (3.92) 0 (0.00) 1 (0.98) When I swallow food sticks in my throat. 91 (89.22) 4 (3.92) 5 (4.90) 0 (0.00) 2 (1.96) I cough when I eat. 96 (94.12) 4 (3.92) 2 (1.96) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) Swallowing is stressful. 95 (93.14) 3 (2.94) 4 (3.92) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) EAT-10: eating assessment tool, 0 - no problem; 4 - severe problem
SDQ Never Once a month or less 1-7 times a week >7 times a week n (%) Do you experience difficulty chewing solid food, like an apple, cookie or a cracker? 86 (84.31) 13 (12.75) 1 (0.98) 1 (0.98) Are there any food residues in your mouth, cheeks, under your tongue or stuck to your nose when you eat or drink? 78 (76.47) 20 (19.61) 1 (0.98) 2 (1.96) Does food or liquid come out of your nose when you eat or drink? 91 (89.22) 10 (9.80) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) Does chewed up food dribble from your mouth? 93 (91.18) 7 (6.86) 1 (0.98) 0 (0.00) Do you feel you have too much saliva in your mouth; do you drool or have difficulty swallowing your saliva? 86 (84.31) 14 (13.73) 1 (0.98) 1 (0.98) Do you swallow chewed up food several times before it goes down your throat? 87 (85.29) 13 (12.75) 1 (0.98) 0 (0.00) Do you experience difficulty in swallowing solid food (i.e. do apples or crackers get stuck in your throat)? 84 (82.35) 16 (15.69) 0 (0.00) 1 (0.98) Do you experience difficulty in swallowing pureed food? 93 (91.18) 8 (7.84) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) While eating, do you feel as if a lump of food is stuck in your throat? 87 (85.29) 13 (12.75) 0 (0.00) 1 (0.98) Do you cough while swallowing liquids? 92 (90.20) 7 (6.86) 1 (0.98) 1 (0.98) Do you cough while swallowing solid food? 92 (90.20) 9 (8.82) 0 (0.00) 1 (0.98) Immediately after eating or drinking, do you experience a change in your voice, such as hoarseness or reduced? 87 (85.29) 14 (13.73) 0 (0.00) 1 (0.98) Other than during meals, do you experience coughing or difficulty breathing as a result of saliva entering your windpipe? 81 (79.41) 18 (17.65) 1 (0.98) 1 (0.98) Do you experience difficulty in breathing during meals? 86 (84.31) 13 (12.75) 2 (1.96) 0 (0.00) Have you suffered from a respiratory infection (pneumonia, bronchitis) during the past year? Yes 7 (6.86) No 95 (93.14) SDQ: swallowing disturbance questionnaire
- Table 5
- Correlation between EAT-10, DYMUS and SDQ with demographic and clinical characteristics of respondents.
Characteristics n EAT-10 DYMUS SDQ Mean±SD P-value Mean±SD P-value Mean±SD P-value Gender Male 24 1.46±3.61 0.756 0.67±1.13 0.456 2.67±3.45 0.683 Female 78 1.36±3.42 1.09±1.76 3.03±4.06 Age (years) 18-24 8 2.63±7.03 0.249 0.12±0.35 0.001 1.25±2.12 0.652 25-30 16 0.375±0.72 1.06±0.85 3.62±4.75 31-37 28 1.29±2.83 0.50±1.23 1.93±2.96 38-43 17 0.94±2.46 0.82±1.51 2.44±3.88 44-49 22 1.86±4.30 1.32±1.64 3.86±4.33 50-56 7 3.00±3.65 3.71±2.98 7.07±3.64 56-62 1 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.50±0.00 63-69 3 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.50±0.00 Number of relapses 1 31 2.32±5.22 0.754 0.78±1.39 0.768 2.72±3.74 0.084 2 26 0.65±1.77 0.96±1.79 2.46±3.70 3 14 1.64±3.27 0.93±1.73 4.21±5.58 4 15 0.87±1.19 1.00±1.65 2.57±3.63 5 or more 16 1.00±2.53 1.50±1.86 3.37±3.24 EDSS at examination time 1-2 39 1.69±3.66 0.726 0.87±1.32 0.528 2.55±3.51 0.762 2.5-3.5 40 0.92±2.38 0.85±1.49 2.70±3.92 4-5 19 1.74±4.99 1.26±2.16 3.92±4.53 5.5-6.5 4 1.25±1.50 2.25±2.87 4.50±4.90 Time to diagnosis (years) Up to 1 37 2.00±4.79 0.144 1.00±1.60 0.196 2.18±2.91 0.001 1-2 40 1.17±2.47 0.82±1.43 2.55±3.52 3-4 5 0.00±0.00 0.20±0.45 1.50±0.71 5-6 5 2.00±3.08 2.80±2.95 6.50±4.74 7-8 6 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 6.17±6.53 9 or more 9 1.11±2.67 1.78±1.98 4.50±5.77 Disease duration (years) 0-2 36 1.36±2.76 0.534 0.67±1.22 0.935 3.28±4.91 0.119 3-6 20 2.65±5.90 1.35±1.90 2.70±3.07 7-9 17 0.94±2.30 0.94±1.68 3.09±3.54 10-13 20 0.20±0.52 0.70±1.08 1.55±1.73 14-18 5 3.40±4.78 1.60±2.61 3.90±5.27 19 or more 4 0.50±1.00 3.00±3.16 6.25±4.50 Period from diagnosis to start of treatment (years) 0-1 63 1.17±3.07 0.567 0.81±1.52 0.294 2.65±3.66 0.879 2-3 15 1.33±2.61 1.93±1.90 3.71±4.85 4-5 9 4.00±6.84 1.78±2.49 5.94±5.59 6-7 4 0.25±0.50 0.50±0.58 1.50±2.00 8 or more 11 0.91±2.70 0.45±0.69 1.86±1.63 Treatment duration (years) 0-1 48 1.65±3.91 0.284 0.81±1.27 0.123 3.04±4.35 0.001 2-3 21 1.90±4.17 1.19±2.02 3.02±3.66 4-5 6 0.00±0.00 0.67±1.63 2.00±3.67 6-7 4 0.25±0.50 0.25±0.50 3.25±2.36 8-9 9 0.22±0.67 0.50±1.07 1.62±2.10 10 or more 14 1.36±3.13 2.00±2.32 3.71±4.28 EAT-10 - eating assessment tool, DYMUS - dysphagia in multiple sclerosis, SDQ - swallowing disturbance questionnaire, SD - standard deviation, EDSS - Expanded Disability Status Scale
- Table 6
- Comparision of demographic and clinical characteristics of dysphagia- and non-dysphagia patients.
Characteristic All patients (N=102) Dysphagia patients* (n=46) Non-dysphagia patients (n=56) P-value Mean±SD Gender distribution (M:F) 24:78 9:37 15:41 0.392 Age 38.18±9.77 40.82±12.81 37.1±9.02 <0.001 Number of relapses 2.58±1.46 2.84±1.55 2.45±1.45 0.414 Time to diagnosis (years) 2.45±3.76 2.63±4.27 2.34±3.44 0.448 EDSS 2.91±1.22 3.10±1.25 2.84±1.23 0.795 Period from diagnosis to start of treatment (years) 2.54±3.55 2.58±2.69 2.55±3.95 0.366 Disease duration (years) 6.26±5.46 6.33±5.95 6.22±5.25 0.235 Treatment duration (years) 3.81±5.01 3.91±5.92 3.72±4.24 0.292 DYMUS result 0.99±1.94 2.11±1.75 0.11±0.79 <0.001 SDQ result 2.94±3.91 5.43±4.67 0.89±0.85 0.005 EAT-10 result 1.38±3.44 3.04±4.63 0.02±0.13 <0.001 EAT-10 - eating assessment tool, DYMUS - dysphagia in multiple sclerosis, SDQ - swallowing disturbance questionnaire, SD - standard deviation, EDSS - Expanded Disability Status Scale
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