Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Public awareness of neurological symptom’s associated with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia.
Tables
Demographic details No. (%) Age in years 18–25 369 (44.4) 26–34 120 (14.4) 35–44 144 (17.3) 45–54 143 (17.2) 55+ 55 (6.6) Gender Male 151 (18.2) Female 680 (81.8) Education level Below high school 26 (3.1) High school 240 (28.9) University or above 565 (68.0) Do you suffer from any chronic disease? Yes 38 (4.6) No 793 (95.4) Have you ever been diagnosed with neurological diseases? Yes 6 (.7) No 825 (99.3) If yes, mention Diabetic neuropathy 1 (.1) Migraine headache 1 (.1) Multiple sclerosis 1 (.1) Sciatica 1 (.1) Trigeminal neuralgia 1 (.1) COVID-19 infection history No. (%) Have you ever been infected with coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes 148 (17.8) No 683 (82.2) What was the initial symptom that you suffered from? No symptoms 6 (4.1) Fever 42 (28.4) Lethargy and fatigue 23 (15.5) Headache 19 (12.8) Sore throat 13 (8.8) Cough 9 (6.1) Runny nose 8 (5.4) Anosmia 7 (4.7) Shivering and pain in the body 7 (4.7) Diarrhea 4 (2.7) Shortness of breath 4 (2.7) Loss of taste 3 (2.0) Dizziness 2 (1.4) Back pain and general body pain 1 (.7) Do you know anyone who has previously been infected with coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes 583 (70.2) No 248 (29.8) - Table 3
- Distribution of the identified first neurological manifestations and symptoms associated with COVID-19 by participants’ age.
Age (years) P-value Domain/Item 18–25 26–34 35–44 45–54 55+ No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) First manifestation Headache 281 (76.2) 86 (71.7) 98 (68.1) 98 (68.5) 40 (72.7) .280 Loss of smell 335 (90.8) 107 (89.2) 124 (86.1) 124 (86.7) 49 (89.1) .529 Loss of Taste 327 (88.6) 103 (85.8) 122 (84.7) 122 (85.3) 47 (85.5) .725 Cognitive disturbance 114 (30.9) 33 (27.5) 41 (28.5) 38 (26.6) 13 (23.6) .744 Seizure 51 (13.8) 15 (12.5) 20 (13.9) 18 (12.6) 7 (12.7) .992 Stroke 24 (6.5) 11 (9.2) 10 (6.9) 9 (6.3) 2 (3.6) .726 Insomnia 106 (28.7) 40 (33.3) 34 (23.6) 50 (35.0) 16 (29.1) .249 Symptom Associated Headache 328 (88.9) 113 (94.2) 132 (91.7) 129 (90.2) 53 (96.4) .240 Loss of smell 351 (95.1) 115 (95.8) 142 (98.6) 138 (96.5) 54 (98.2) .380 Loss of Taste 356 (96.5) 115 (95.8) 144 (100.0) 136 (95.1) 54 (98.2) .133 Cognitive disturbance 143 (38.8) 39 (32.5) 52 (36.1) 56 (39.2) 13 (23.6) .198 Seizure 91 (24.7) 18 (15.0) 30 (20.8) 31 (21.7) 9 (16.4) .193 Stroke 65 (17.6) 17 (14.2) 16 (11.1) 18 (12.6) 3 (5.5) .080 Insomnia 146 (39.6) 40 (33.3) 49 (34.0) 55 (38.5) 18 (32.7) .585 P - Pearson X2 test
- Table 4
- Distribution of the identified first neurological manifestations and symptoms associated with COVID-19 by participants’ sex.
Domain/Item Gender P-value Male Female N (%) N (%) First manifestation Headache 95 (62.9) 508 (74.7) .003* Loss of smell 129 (85.4) 610 (89.7) .130 Loss of Taste 124 (82.1) 597 (87.8) .063 Cognitive disturbance 40 (26.5) 199 (29.3) .496 Seizure 27 (17.9) 84 (12.4) .071 Stroke 12 (7.9) 44 (6.5) .513 Insomnia 50 (33.1) 196 (28.8) .296 Symptom Associated Headache 133 (88.1) 622 (91.5) .191 Loss of smell 136 (90.1) 664 (97.6) .001* Loss of Taste 143 (94.7) 662 (97.4) .091 Cognitive disturbance 60 (39.7) 243 (35.7) .356 Seizure 39 (25.8) 140 (20.6) .157 Stroke 22 (14.6) 97 (14.3) .923 Insomnia 66 (43.7) 242 (35.6) .062 P: Pearson X2 test, *p<0.05 (significant)
- Table 5
- Distribution of the identified first neurological manifestations and symptoms associated with COVID-19 by participants’ education level.
Domain/Item Education level P-value Below high school High school University or above No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) First manifestation Headache 23 (88.5) 178 (74.2) 402 (71.2) .124 Loss of smell 25 (96.2) 224 (93.3) 490 (86.7) .012* Loss of Taste 23 (88.5) 221 (92.1) 477 (84.4) .013* Cognitive disturbance 12 (46.2) 78 (32.5) 149 (26.4) .029* Seizure 6 (23.1) 42 (17.5) 63 (11.2) .018* Stroke 2 (7.7) 18 (7.5) 36 (6.4) .827 Insomnia 12 (46.2) 79 (32.9) 155 (27.4) .054 symptom Associated Headache 25 (96.2) 214 (89.2) 516 (91.3) .369 Loss of smell 25 (96.2) 226 (94.2) 549 (97.2) .121 Loss of Taste 24 (92.3) 232 (96.7) 549 (97.2) .371 Cognitive disturbance 10 (38.5) 96 (40.0) 197 (34.9) .375 Seizure 7 (26.9) 66 (27.5) 106 (18.8) .018* Stroke 5 (19.2) 41 (17.1) 73 (12.9) .234 Insomnia 12 (46.2) 106 (44.2) 190 (33.6) .011* P: Pearson X2 test,* p<0.05 (significant)
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