Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
- Demographic profile, stroke presentation, timing of presentation, and vascular risk factors in patients with and without early seizure (ES).
Demographic variables category Total (n=665) Patients with ES (n=51, 7.7%) Patients without ES (n=614, 92.3%) P-value n (%) Gender Male 456 (68.6) 27 (52.9) 429 (69.9) 0.0123 Female 209 (31.4) 24 (47.1) 185 (30.1) Mean age (in years) 60.6±12.6 60.5±13.8 60.6±12.5 0.7442 Nationality Saudi 564 (85.2) 49 (96.1) 515 (84.3) 0.0227 Non-Saudi 98 (14.8) 2 (3.9) 96 (15.71) Presenting complaint Unilateral weakness 451 (67.8) 24 (47.1) 427 (69.5) 0.001 Unilateral numbness 128 (19.3) 4 (7.8) 124 (20.2) 0.0317 Loss of consciousness 73 (11) 10 (19.6) 63 (10.3) 0.0402 Sudden/Thunderclap headache 17 (2.7) 3 (5.9) 14 (2.3) 0.1173 Headache 105 (15.8) 11 (21.6) 94 (15.3) 0.2388 Loss of vision 15 (2.3) 2 (3.9) 13 (2.1) 0.4044 Change in speech 292 (43.9) 22 (43.1) 270 (44.0) 0.9079 Loss of speech 57 (8.6) 3 (5.9) 54 (8.8) 0.4753 Balance problems 24 (3.6) 1 (2.0) 23 (3.8) 0.5113 Double vision 38 (5.7) 1 (2.0) 37 (6.0) 0.2294 Confusion 66 (9.9) 12 (23.5) 54 (8.8) 0.0007 Duration of symptoms <3 h 176 (26.6) 14 (27.5) 162 (26.5) 0.2399 3–6 h 72 (10.9) 6 (11.8) 66 (10.8) 6–24 h 116 (17.5) 4 (7.8) 112 (18.3) >24 h 228 (34.4) 18 (35.3) 210 (34.3) No data 71 (10.7) 9 (17.7) 62 (10.1) Vascular risk factors Hypertension 497 (74.7) 38 (74.5) 459 (74.8) 0.9690 Diabetes mellitus 435 (65.4) 31 (60.8) 404 (65.8) 0.4695 Dyslipidemia 175 (26.3) 9 (17.7) 166 (27.0) 0.1434 Atrial fibrillation 43 (6.5) 3 (5.9) 40 (6.5) 0.8600 Smoking 95 (14.3) 8 (15.7) 87 (14.2) 0.7661 Prior stroke 154 (23.2) 13 (25.5) 141 (23.0) 0.6811 Ischemic heart disease 92 (13.9) 7 (13.7) 85 (13.9) 0.9813 - Table 2
- Stroke types and severity at the time of presentation in patients with and without early seizure (ES).
Variable category Total (n=665) Patients with ES (n=51, 7.7%) Patients without ES (n=614, 92.3%) P-value n (%) Number of stroke First stroke 421 (65.1) 33 (66.0) 388 (65.0) 0.8858 Recurrent 210 (35.1) 15 (33.3) 195 (35.2) 0.8009 Missing data 34 Stroke type Transient Ischemic Attack 2 (0.3) 0 2 (0.3) 0.6831 Large artery atherosclerosis 208 (31.3) 16 (31.4) 192 (31.3) 0.9879 Small vessel disease 180 (27.1) 4 (7.8) 176 (28.7) 0.0013 Cardioembolic stroke 97 (14.6) 9 (17.7) 88 (14.3) 0.5193 Stroke of undetermined etiology 60 (9.0) 4 (7.8) 56 (9.1) 0.7596 Stroke of other determined etiology 1 (0.2) 0 1 (0.2) 0.7730 Hemorrhagic stroke 86 (13.0) 13 (25.5) 73 (11.9) 0.0054 Missing data 31 (4.6) 5 (10) 26 (4.2) Stroke severity at presentation Mild (NIHSS <5) 349 (59.3) 18 (42.9) 346 (60.5) 0.0139 Moderate (NIHSS 5–5) 177 (28.8) 14 (33.3) 163 (28.5) Severe (NIHSS 16–25) 61 (9.9) 7 (16.7) 54 (9.4) Very severe (NIHSS >25) 12 (2.0) 3 (7.14) 9 (1.6) NIHSS – National Institute of Health Stroke Scale Score
- Table 3
- Length of stay, stroke-related complications, and outcomes in patients with and without early seizure (ES).
Variable - Category Total (n=665) Patients with ES (n=51, 7.7%) Patients without ES (n=614, 92.3%) P-value n (%) ICU admission 185 (27.9) 25 (49.0) 160 (26.2) 0.0005 ICU length of stay (in days) 11.7 18.9±41.5 10.6±16.1 0.4740 Hospital length of stay (in days) 14.7 26.7±44.9 13.7±24.9 0.0018 Stroke-related complications Any complication 287 (43.2) 37 (72.6) 250 (40.7) <0.0001 Recurrent stroke 41 (6.2) 7 (14) 34 (5.6) 0.0174 Deep vein thrombosis 11 (1.7) 1 (2) 10 (1.6) 0.8469 Pulmonary embolism 5 (0.8) 2 (4) 3 (0.5) 0.0059 Myocardial infarction 5 (0.8) 0 5 (0.8) 0.5208 Pneumonia 57 (8.6) 12 (24) 45 (7.4) <0.0001 Urinary tract infection 58 (8.9) 14 (28) 44 (7.3) <0.0001 Sepsis 40 (6.1) 9 (18) 31 (5.1) 0.0002 Tracheostomy tube placement 36 (5.5) 7 (14) 29 (4.8) 0.0056 Gastrostomy tube placement 40 (6.1) 7 (14) 33 (5.4) 0.0142 Bed sores 4 (0.6) 2 (4) 2 (0.3) 0.0013 Brain edema 46 (7.1) 8 (16) 38 (6.3) 0.0104 Discharge modified Rankin Scale score 0–2 (independent) 326 (55.2) 18 (40.9) 308 (56.3) 0.0055 3–5 (dependent) 244 (41.3) 21 (47.7) 223 (40.8) Death 34 (5.1) 6 (11.8) 28 (4.6) Missing data 61 (9.2) 6 (11.8) 55 (9.0) Discharge disposition Discharged home 513 (77.4) 31 (60.8) 482 (78.8) <0.0001 Discharged to other facility 87 (13.1) 10 (19.6) 77 (12.5) Death 34 (5.1) 6 (11.8) 28 (4.6) Missing data 31 (4.7) 4 (7.8) 27 (4.4) Effect OR 95% CI P-value NIHSS score 1.064 (1.023, 1.107) 0.0020 Confusion 2.405 (1.067, 5.421) 0.0343 Unilateral weakness 0.434 (0.223, 0.845) 0.0141 *The probability modeled was “stroke with early seizures”
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