Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

The protective effect of Astaxanthin on scopolamine - induced Alzheimer’s model in mice

Rania Magadmi, Sara Nassibi, Fatemah Kamel, Aziza R. Al-Rafiah, Duaa Bakhshwin, Maha Jamal, Mohammed Alsieni, Abdulhadi S. Burzangi, M. A. F Zaher and Mohammed Bendary
Neurosciences Journal April 2024, 29 (2) 103-112; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2024.2.20230060

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1
    Figure 1

    - Spontaneous arm alternation percentage (SAP). AST - Astaxanthin, AD - Alzheimer’s disease, GLA - galantamine. Data are presented as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was carried out using ONE-WAY ANOVA test. ***statistically significant from the corresponding control group at p<0.001

  • Figure 2
    Figure 2

    - Effect of AST on brain AchE activity in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s model in mice. AST - Astaxanthin, AD - Alzheimer’s disease, GLA - galantamine. Data are presented as mean ±SD. Statistical analysis was carried out using ONE-WAY ANOVA test followed by Dunnett’s test. ***statistically significant from the corresponding AD group at p<0.001.

  • Figure 3
    Figure 3

    - CA3 region (A,C,E,G,I,K) & the dentate gyrus (DG) (B,D,F,H,J,L) stained by GFAP. (↑) GFAP immunostaining. A photomicrograph of the hippocampus proper of negative control group (A, B), Astaxanthin (AST) group (C, D), Scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s (AD) model (E, F), Alzheimer’s mice treated with AST (AD+AST) (G, H), Alzheimer’s treated with galantamine (AD+GLA) (I, J), Alzheimer’s mice treated with AST and galantamine (AD+AST+GLA) (K, L). CA3 region (M,O,Q,S,U,W) & the dentate gyrus (DG) (N,P,R,T,V,X) stained by Congo red. (↑) represents neurofibrillary tangles within the cytoplasm of nerve cells. Inset: Higher magnification of the NFT in the subgranular zone. A photomicrograph of the hippocampus proper of negative control group (M,N), Astaxanthin (AST) group (O,P), Scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s (AD) model (Q,R), Alzheimer’s mice treated with AST (AD+AST) (S,T), Alzheimer’s treated with galantamine (AD+GLA) (U,V), Alzheimer’s mice treated with AST and galantamine (AD+AST+GLA) (W, X). Scale bar 50µm.

  • Figure 4
    Figure 4

    - Effect of AST on brain oxidative stress biomarkers in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s model in mice. AST - Astaxanthin, AD - Alzheimer’s disease, GLA - galantamine. Data are presented as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was carried out using One-Way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test.***statistically significant from the corresponding AD group at p<0.001. #statistically significant from the AD+AST group at p<0.05.

  • Figure 5
    Figure 5

    - Effect of AST on brain inflammatory biomarkers in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s model in mice. AST: Astaxanthin, AD: Alzheimer’s disease, GLA: galantamine. Data are presented as mean ±SD. Statistical analysis was carried out using One-Way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. ***: statistically significant from the corresponding AD group at p<0.001. #: statistically significant from the AD+AST group at p<0.05.

  • Figure 6
    Figure 6

    - Effect of AST on brain levels of Akt-1 (A), pAkt (B) in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s model in mice. AST: Astaxanthin, AD: Alzheimer’s disease, GLA: galantamine. Data are presented as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was carried out using One-Way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. **statistically significant from the corresponding AD group at p<0.01, and ***at p<0.001.

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