The effects of electrical stimulation and exercise therapy in patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy: A controlled clinical trial

Muhammed Kılınç; Sibel A. Yıldırım; Ersin Tan

doi:10.17712/nsj.2015.3.201501097

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Figure 1
Shows the study design to evaluate and compare the effects of the exercise therapy and electrical stimulation on muscle strength and functional activities in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

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Table 1

Progressive resistive exercise program among LGMD patients.

Progressive resistive exercise program	Intensity	Number of repetitions × set / session	Number of treatment per week
1-2 weeks	25% of 1MR	10×2	3
2-4 weeks	30% of 1MR	10×3	3
5-6 weeks	35% of 1MR	10×3	3
7-8 weeks	40% of 1MR	10×3	3

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Table 2

Comparison of the physical characteristics of the LGMD patients in electrical stimulation and exercise therapy groups.

Demographics of patients	Electrical stimulation group	Exercise therapy group	P-value
Age (year)	31.62±16.92	30.14±11.04	0.696
Height (cm)	174.23±7.07	169.21±9.36	0.150
Body weight (kg)	65.92±9.04	67.93±13.01	0.808
Duration since diagnosis (month)	14.92±23.81	14.71±55.01	0.092

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Table 3

Pre-treatment, post-treatment and follow-up results of muscle strength within and between groups of LGMD patients.

Electrical stimulation group (n=11)						Exercise therapy group (n=13)
	Pre	Post	p0	Follow-up	p1	Pre	Post	p0	Follow-up	p1	pa	pb	pc
	X (SD) (95%CI)					X (SD) (95%CI)
*Muscle strength (Newton)*
*Musculus Deltoideus*
Right	85.04(32.73) (66.69-104.05)	128.31(40.48) (105.55-151.54)	0.00^*	122.89(38.41) (100.60-144.79)	0.15	69.39(42.35)	76.78(38.25)	0.09	69.89(28.73)	0.14	0.32	0.00^*	0.00^*
Left	92.18(29.25) (76.24-109.42)	128.86(40.38) (106.64-152.59)	0.00^*	121.23(34.58)(102.27-140.90)	0.32	71.43(49.63) (47.73-98.44)	82.77(36.07)(66.16-102.92)	0.11	77.00(30.32)(62.62-93.84)	0.08	0.22	0.01^*	0.00^*
*Musculus Quadriceps femoris*
Right	147.04(104.00) (91.86-208.05)	192.35(112.07) (131.95-256.40)	0.00^*	178.55(108.65) (119.76-239.72)	0.03^*	137.81(82.63) (95.74-182.76)	158.42(88.48)(114.53-206.34)	0.01^*	144.92(78.56) (105.40-187.15)	0.06	0.81	0.43	0.40
Left	133.98(84.59) (89.07-183.34)	179.51(99.08) (127.44-236.53)	0.00^*	164.84(90.5) (119.04-219.45)	0.19	138.23(72.39) (100.16-176.37)	156.62(79.74) (117.17-199.54)	0.05^*	149.46(80.54) (110.46-192.60)	0.19	0.90	0.55	0.67

↵* p<0.05

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Table 4

Pre-treatment. post-treatment and follow-up values of endurance tests. timed performance tests and activities of daily living test within group and between group among LGMD patients.

Electrical stimulation group (n=11)						Exercise therapy group (n=13)
	Pre-treatment	Post	p0	Follow-up	p1	Pre	Post	p0	Follow-up	p1	Pa	pb	pc
X (SD) (95%CI)						X (SD) (95%CI)
*Endurance test (times/minute)*
*Upper extremity*
Right	52.55(19.69) (43.09-65.27)	60.91(22.62) (49.82-76.00)	0.002^*	59.45(18.83) (50.00-71.81)	0.44	51.62(11.38) (46.38-58.15)	54.23(14.51) (47.31-62.15)	0.26	53.23(13.42) (47.16-60.54)	0.40	0.89	0.41	0.37
Left	51.82(14.37) (44.00-61.09)	59.00(14.75) (51.00-68.27)	0.03^*	56.91(13.01) (49.82-65.00)	0.18	49.92(11.41) (44.38-56.38)	52.69(14.41) (45.92-60.31)	0.26	50.46(11.82) (44.85-56.69)	0.19	0.73	0.30	0.22
*Lower extremity*
Right	57.64(11.19) (51.64-64.27)	62.64(14.91) (53.91-70.90)	0.16	62.45(13.19) (54.64-69.64)	0.89	54.38(15.30) (46.54-62.69)	58.77(17.73) (49.47-67.69)	0.01^*	55.85(15.91) (46.93-64.00)	0.06	0.55	0.57	0.28
Left	57.64(14.189 (50.27-66.18)	62.36(16.41) (53.28-71.91)	0.21	64.64(13.74) (56.91-72.82)	0.16	57.08(23.23) (45.85-70.46)	59.38(24.46) (46.54-72.53)	0.19	58.46(23.75) (46.46-71.54)	0.48	0.94	0.73	0.44
*Timed performance tests (seconds)*
Climbing up stairs	7.16(3.26) (5.50-9.18)	5.30(2.83) (3.43-6.65)	0.00^*	5.94(2.44) (3.72-6.37)	0.85	11.58(9.50) (7.32-16.73)	9.38(7.489 (6.05-13.62)	0.01^*	9.97(7.71) (6.46-14.27)	0.09	0.14	0.05^*	0.04^*
Walking 10 m	7.96(1.13) (7.31-8.60)	6.08(1.10) (5.51-6.74)	0.00^*	6.25(3.21) (4.39-8.05)	0.83	10.07(3.55) (8.27-11.94)	8.45(3.10) (7.00-10.19)	0.01^*	8.53(2.51) (7.29-9.91)	0.89	0.07	0.02^*	0.07
Dressing a t-shirt	4.05(1.81) (3.97-6.01)	3.52(1.10) (2.98-4.19)	0.02^*	3.91(1.03) (3.41-4.53)	0.03^*	7.22(3.86) (4.56-6.33)	5.98(3.80) (5.00-8.56)	0.14	6.21(3.00) (4.79-7.75)	0.47	0.58	0.01^*	0.02^*
*Activities of daily living test (0-96)*
Lawton ADL test score	93.36(5.80) (89.36-95.99)	94.00(5.12) (90.55-96.00)	0.09	94.00(5.12) (90.55-96.00)	1	87.69(9.57) (85.31-95.08)	88.23(9.81) (82.69-93.08)	0.16	87.92(9.62) (82.54-92.77)	0.37	0.41	0.08	0.07