Predictors of poor outcome in embolic stroke of undetermined source

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of ESUS patients with poor vs. favorable outcomes.

Characteristic	Favorable outcome n=109	Poor outcome n=38	P-value
Characteristic	n (%)		P-value
Age (year) mean±SD	57.3±12.5	61.4±11.5	0.08
Female gender	36 (33)	14 (37)	0.7
Medical history
Ischemic heart disease	7 (6.4)	3 (8)	0.72
Arterial hypertension	67 (61.5)	26 (68.4)	0.6
Diabetes mellitus	54 (49.5)	22 (58)	0.45
Dyslipidemia	28 (25.7)	8 (21.0)	0.7
Body mass index mean±SD	28±6.4	28.5±6.5	0.62
History of smoking	19 (17.4)	4 (10.5)	0.44
Previous ischemic stroke/TIA	20 (18.3)	9 (24)	0.5
Pre-stroke antiplatelet use	105 (96.3)	34 (89.4)	0.21
Pre-stroke mRS score^* <2	102 (93.5)	30 (79.4)	0.04
NIHSS score^{^†} at admission median (IQR)	3.0 (5.00)	11.0 (10.0)	<0.0001
Treatment with t-PA or EVT	5 (5)	4 (10.5)	0.24

ESUS - embolic stroke of undetermined source, EVT - endovascular treatment, IQR - interquartile range, mRS - modified Rankin Scale, NIHSS - National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, TIA - transient ischemic attack, t-PA - tissue plasminogen activator.
↵* mRS scores range from 0 (no neurologic deficit) to 6 (death).
↵† NIHSS scores range from 0 (normal function) to 42 (death)

Table 2

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of poor outcome (death or mRS score >2) at discharge.

Characteristic	Odds ratio	95% CI	P-value
Age >60 years	2.4	[1.1,5.2]	0.02
Female gender	0.8	[0.4,1.8]	0.7
Body mass index >25 kg/m²	0.8	[0.35,1.8]	0.6
History of smoking	0.54	[0.17,1.71]	0.30
Ischemic heart disease	1.2	[0.3,5.1]	0.8
Arterial hypertension	1.4	[0.6,3]	0.44
Diabetes mellitus	1.4	[0.7,3]	0.4
Dyslipidemia	0.8	[0.3,2]	0.6
Previous ischemic stroke/TIA	1.4	[0.6,3.3]	0.5
Pre-stroke antiplatelet use	0.3	[0.1,1.4]	0.12
Pre-stroke mRS score (≥2)	4	[1.3,12]	0.01
NIHSS score at admission >5	12	[4.6,29.3]	<0.0001
Treatment with t-PA or EVT	0.4	[0.1,1.6]	0.20

EVT - endovascular treatment, mRS - modified Rankin Scale, NIHSS - National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, TIA - transient ischemic attack, tPA - tissue plasminogen activator