Exploring the outcome of multiple sclerosis among Saudi adult patients: A single-centered cross-sectional study at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

Distribution of characteristics of study subject (N=210).^*

Demographic characteristics	n (%)
Age (years), (mean±SD)	37.44±10.3
Age at diagnosis (years), (mean±SD)	22.89±11.9
*Gender*
Male	64 (30.5)
Female	146 (69.5)
*Delayed diagnosis*
Yes	58 (28)
No	149 (72)
Number of attacks per year (mean±SD)	2.28±1.91
*Disease status last year*
Improved	76 (36.2)
Same	80 (38.1)
Worsen	51 (24.3)
Dead	3 (1.4)
Previous DMT^{^†}
Yes	132 (63.8)
No	75 (36.2)
*Current DMT^{^†}*
Yes	159 (76.8)
No	48 (23.2)^*
DMT distribution ^{^‡}
Interferon beta-1a (Avonex)	13 (8.2)
Glatiramer acetate	1 (0.6)
Interferon beta-1a (Rebif)	63 (39.6)
Teriflunomide	12 (7.5)
Fingolimod	45(28.3)
Dimethyl fumarate	5 (3.2)
Alemtuzumab	3 (1.9)
Natalizumab	16 (10.1)
Daclizumab	1 (0.6)
*Compliance*
Compliant	127 (79.9)
Moderate	16 (10.1)
Not compliant	16 (10.1)
DMT duration (months), (mean±SD)	49.8±43.5
*Smoking*
Yes	38 (18.4)
No	162 (78.3)
Quit	7 (3.4)
*Smoking type*
Cigarette	21 (46.7)
Shisha	21 (46.7)
Both	3 (6.7)
Duration of smoking, (years), (mean±SD)	11.54±7.5

Table 2

Univariate analysis of mRS, EDSS, BI, and MSIS-29 (N=210).

Scales	Scores	Results
Scales	Scores	n (%)	Mean±SD
mRS^*
No disability	0-1	120 (57.1)	1.80±1.52
Mild	2-3	52 (24.8)
Severe	4-5	35 (16.7)
Dead	6	3 (1.4)
*EDSS^{^†}*
Fully ambulatory without aid	≤6	146 (69.5)
Ambulatory with aid	6.5-7.5	32 (15.2)
Restricted and severely disabled	8-9.5	29 (13.8)
Dead	10	3 (1.4)
*Barthel index*
Independent	≥65	185 (89.4)	76.16±13.89
Dependent	<65	22 (10.6)
MSIS-29§	PHYS: 0-100		33.6±27.6
	PSYCH: 0-100		38.2±25.8

↵* mRS - modified rankin score,
↵† EDSS - expanded disability status scale, MSIS-29§ - multiple sclerosis impact scale, BI - barthel index, SD - standard deviation, PHYS - physical, PSYCH - psychological, ‡3 dead patients were not included in the analysis

Table 3

Distribution of Saudi MS patients according to mRS (N=207).

Table 4

Distribution of Saudi MS patients according to EDSS (N=207).

Variables	EDSS				P-value
	Fully ambulatory without aid	Ambulatory with aid	Restricted and severely disabled	Total
	n (%)
*Gender*
Male	52 (35.6)	3 (9.4)	9 (31)	64 (30.9)	0.007
Female	94 (64.4)	29 (90.6)	20 (69)	143 (69.1)
*Smoking*
Yes	36 (24.7)	2 (6.3)	0 (0)	38 (18.4)	<0.001
No	104 (71.2)	30 (93.8)	28 (96.6)	162 (78.3)
Quit	6 (4.1)	0 (0)	1 (3.4)	7 (3.4)
*Attacks last year*
Yes	52 (35.6)	14 (43.8)	13 (44.8)	79 (38.2)	0.507
No	94 (64.4)	18 (56.3)	16 (55.2)	128 (61.8)
*Delayed diagnosis*
Yes	36 (24.7)	12 (37.5)	10 (34.5)	58 (28)	0.251
No	110 (75.3)	20 (62.5)	19 (65.5)	149 (72)
*Medication*
Yes	120 (82.2)	20 (62.5)	19 (65.5)	159(76.8)	0.042
No	26 (17.8)	12 (37.5)	10 (34.5)	48(23.2)
*Compliance*
Compliant	95 (79.2)	17 (85)	15 (78.9)	127(79.9)	0.77
Moderate	13 (10.8)	2 (10)	1 (5.3)	16 (10.1)
Not compliant	12 (10)	1 (5)	3 (15.8)	16 (10.1)
*Current medication*
Interferon beta-1a (Avonex)	12 (10)	0 (0)	1 (5.3)	13 (8.2)	0.999
Glatiramer acetate	1 (0.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.6)
Interferon beta-1a (Rebif)	47 (39.2)	8 (40)	8 (42.1)	63 (39.6)
Teriflunomide	9 (7.5)	1 (5)	2 (10.5)	12 (7.5)
Fingolimod	35 (29.2)	6 (30)	4 (21.1)	45 (28.3)
Dimethyl fumarate	2 (1.7)	1 (5)	2 (10.5)	5 (3.1)
Alemtuzumab	1 (0.8)	2 (10)	0 (0)	3 (1.9)
Natalizumab	12 (10)	2 (10)	2 (10.5)	16 (10.1)
Daclizumab	1 (0.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.6)

Table 5

Distribution of Saudi MS patients according to BI (N=207).