Length of MRI signal may predict outcome in advanced cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Amro F. Al-Habib; Ahmed M. AlAqeel; Abdulrahman S. Aldakkan; Fahad B. AlBadr; Shaffi A. Shaik

References

↵
1. Matz PG,
2. Anderson PA,
3. Holly LT,
4. Groff MW,
5. Heary RF,
6. Kaiser MG,
7. et al.
(2009) The natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 11, 104–111.
1. Holly LT,
2. Matz PG,
3. Anderson PA,
4. Groff MW,
5. Heary RF,
6. Kaiser MG,
7. et al.
(2009) Clinical prognostic indicators of surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 11, 112–118.
↵
1. Chatley A,
2. Kumar R,
3. Jain VK,
4. Behari S,
5. Sahu RN
(2009) Effect of spinal cord signal intensity changes on clinical outcome after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 11, 562–567.
↵
1. Kalsi-Ryan S,
2. Karadimas SK,
3. Fehlings MG
(2013) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: the clinical phenomenon and the current pathobiology of an increasingly prevalent and devastating disorder. Neuroscientist 19, 409–421.
↵
1. Baron EM,
2. Young WF
(2007) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a brief review of its pathophysiology, clinical course, and diagnosis. Neurosurgery 60, 1 Supp1 1, S35–S41.
↵
1. Ahn JS,
2. Lee JK,
3. Kim BK
(2010) Prognostic factors that affect the surgical outcome of the laminoplasty in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Clin Orthop Surg 2, 98–104.
↵
1. Scardino FB,
2. Rocha LP,
3. Barcelos AC,
4. Rotta JM,
5. Botelho RV
(2010) Is there a benefit to operating on patients (bedridden or in wheelchairs) with advanced stage cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Eur Spine J 19, 699–705.
↵
1. Fernandez de Rota JJ,
2. Meschian S,
3. Fernandez de Rota A,
4. Urbano V,
5. Baron M
(2007) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy due to chronic compression: the role of signal intensity changes in magnetic resonance images. J Neurosurg Spine 6, 17–22.
↵
1. Vedantam A,
2. Jonathan A,
3. Rajshekhar V
(2011) Association of magnetic resonance imaging signal changes and outcome prediction after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 15, 660–666.
↵
1. Avadhani A,
2. Rajasekaran S,
3. Shetty AP
(2010) Comparison of prognostic value of different MRI classifications of signal intensity change in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine J 10, 475–485.
↵
1. Shin JJ,
2. Jin BH,
3. Kim KS,
4. Cho YE,
5. Cho WH
(2010) Intramedullary high signal intensity and neurological status as prognostic factors in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 152, 1687–1694.
↵
1. Mummaneni PV,
2. Kaiser MG,
3. Matz PG,
4. Anderson PA,
5. Groff M,
6. Heary R,
7. et al.
(2009) Preoperative patient selection with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and electroencephalography: does the test predict outcome after cervical surgery? J Neurosurg Spine 11, 119–129.
↵
1. Papadopoulos CA,
2. Katonis P,
3. Papagelopoulos PJ,
4. Karampekios S,
5. Hadjipavlou AG
(2004) Surgical decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: correlation between operative outcomes and MRI of the spinal cord. Orthopedics 27, 1087–1091.
↵
1. Rajshekhar V,
2. Kumar GS
(2005) Functional outcome after central corpectomy in poor-grade patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy or ossified posterior longitudinal ligament. Neurosurgery 56, 1279–1285.
↵
1. Matsunaga S,
2. Sakou T,
3. Taketomi E,
4. Komiya S
(2004) Clinical course of patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: a minimum 10-year cohort study. J Neurosurg 100, 3 Suppl Spine, 245–248.
↵
1. Alafifi T,
2. Kern R,
3. Fehlings M
(2007) Clinical and MRI predictors of outcome after surgical intervention for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neuroimaging 17, 315–322.
↵
1. Nurick S
(1972) The natural history and the results of surgical treatment of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis. Brain 95, 101–108.
↵
1. Macdonald RL,
2. Fehlings MG,
3. Tator CH,
4. Lozano A,
5. Fleming JR,
6. Gentili F,
7. et al.
(1997) Multilevel anterior cervical corpectomy and fibular allograft fusion for cervical myelopathy. J Neurosurgery 86, 990–997.
↵
1. Choi S,
2. Lee SH,
3. Lee JY,
4. Choi WG,
5. Choi WC,
6. Choi G,
7. et al.
(2005) Factors affecting prognosis of patients who underwent corpectomy and fusion for treatment of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: analysis of 47 patients. J Spinal Disord Techn 18, 309–314.
↵
1. Uchida K,
2. Nakajima H,
3. Sato R,
4. Kokubo Y,
5. Yayama T,
6. Kobayashi S,
7. et al.
(2005) Multivariate analysis of the neurological outcome of surgery for cervical compressive myelopathy. J Orthop Sci 10, 564–573.
↵
1. Yamazaki T,
2. Yanaka K,
3. Sato H,
4. Uemura K,
5. Tsukada A,
6. Nose T
(2003) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: surgical results and factors affecting outcome with special reference to age differences. Neurosurgery 52, 122–126.
↵
1. Fujiwara K,
2. Yonenobu K,
3. Ebara S,
4. Yamashita K,
5. Ono K
(1989) The prognosis of surgery for cervical compression myelopathy. An analysis of the factors involved. J Bone Joint Surg Br 71, 393–398.
↵
1. Singh A,
2. Choi D,
3. Crockard A
(2009) Use of walking data in assessing operative results for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: long-term follow-up and comparison with controls. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34, 1296–1300.
↵
1. Karpova A,
2. Arun R,
3. Davis AM,
4. Kulkarni AV,
5. Massicotte EM,
6. Mikulis DJ,
7. et al.
(2013) Predictors of surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 38, 392–400.
↵
1. Yukawa Y,
2. Kato F,
3. Yoshihara H,
4. Yanase M,
5. Ito K
(2007) MR T2 image classification in cervical compression myelopathy: predictor of surgical outcomes. Spine (Phila PA 1976) 32, 1675–1679.
↵
1. Ohshio I,
2. Hatayama A,
3. Kaneda K,
4. Takahara M,
5. Nagashima K
(1993) Correlation between histopathologic features and magnetic resonance images of spinal cord lesions. Spine 18, 1140–1149.
↵
1. Ramanauskas WL,
2. Wilner HI,
3. Metes JJ,
4. Lazo A,
5. Kelly JK
(1989) MR imaging of compressive myelomalacia. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13, 399–404.
↵
1. Fox JL,
2. Wener L,
3. Drennan DC,
4. Manz HJ,
5. Won DJ,
6. Al-Mefty O
(1988) Central spinal cord injury: magnetic resonance imaging confirmation and operative considerations. Neurosurgery 22, 340–347.
↵
1. Morio Y,
2. Teshima R,
3. Nagashima H,
4. Nawata K,
5. Yamasaki D,
6. Nanjo Y
(2001) Correlation between operative outcomes of cervical compression myelopathy and mri of the spinal cord. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26, 1238–1245.
↵
1. Nurick S
(1972) The pathogenesis of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis. Brain 95, 87–100.
1. Payne EE,
2. Spillane JD
(1957) The cervical spine;an anatomico-pathological study of 70 specimens (using a special technique) with particular reference to the problem of cervical spondylosis. Brain 80, 571–596.
↵
1. Burrows EH
(1963) The sagittal diameter of the spinal canal in cervical spondylosis. Clin Radiol 14, 77–86.
1. Tsurumi T,
2. Goto N,
3. Shibata M,
4. Goto J,
5. Kamiyama A
(2005) A morphological comparison of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: MRI and dissection findings. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 81, 119–122.
↵
1. Chiewvit P,
2. Tritrakarn SO,
3. Phawjinda A,
4. Chotivichit A
(2011) Predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging in cervical spondylotic myelopathy in prognostic surgical outcome. J Med Assoc Thai 94, 346–354.
↵
1. Bucciero A,
2. Vizioli L,
3. Tedeschi G
(1993) Cord diameters and their significance in prognostication and decisions about management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Sci 37, 223–228.
1. Ebersold MJ,
2. Pare MC,
3. Quast LM
(1995) Surgical treatment for cervical spondylitic myelopathy. J Neurosurg 82, 745–751.

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[1] ↵
Matz PG,
Anderson PA,
Holly LT,
Groff MW,
Heary RF,
Kaiser MG,
et al.
(2009) The natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 11, 104–111.

[2] Matz PG,

[3] Anderson PA,

[4] Holly LT,

[5] Groff MW,

[6] Heary RF,

[7] Kaiser MG,

[8] et al.

[9] Holly LT,
Matz PG,
Anderson PA,
Groff MW,
Heary RF,
Kaiser MG,
et al.
(2009) Clinical prognostic indicators of surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 11, 112–118.

[10] Holly LT,

[11] Matz PG,

[12] Anderson PA,

[13] Groff MW,

[14] Heary RF,

[15] Kaiser MG,

[16] et al.

[17] ↵
Chatley A,
Kumar R,
Jain VK,
Behari S,
Sahu RN
(2009) Effect of spinal cord signal intensity changes on clinical outcome after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 11, 562–567.

[18] Chatley A,

[19] Kumar R,

[20] Jain VK,

[21] Behari S,

[22] Sahu RN

[23] ↵
Kalsi-Ryan S,
Karadimas SK,
Fehlings MG
(2013) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: the clinical phenomenon and the current pathobiology of an increasingly prevalent and devastating disorder. Neuroscientist 19, 409–421.

[24] Kalsi-Ryan S,

[25] Karadimas SK,

[26] Fehlings MG

[27] ↵
Baron EM,
Young WF
(2007) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a brief review of its pathophysiology, clinical course, and diagnosis. Neurosurgery 60, 1 Supp1 1, S35–S41.

[28] Baron EM,

[29] Young WF

[30] ↵
Ahn JS,
Lee JK,
Kim BK
(2010) Prognostic factors that affect the surgical outcome of the laminoplasty in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Clin Orthop Surg 2, 98–104.

[31] Ahn JS,

[32] Lee JK,

[33] Kim BK

[34] ↵
Scardino FB,
Rocha LP,
Barcelos AC,
Rotta JM,
Botelho RV
(2010) Is there a benefit to operating on patients (bedridden or in wheelchairs) with advanced stage cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Eur Spine J 19, 699–705.

[35] Scardino FB,

[36] Rocha LP,

[37] Barcelos AC,

[38] Rotta JM,

[39] Botelho RV

[40] ↵
Fernandez de Rota JJ,
Meschian S,
Fernandez de Rota A,
Urbano V,
Baron M
(2007) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy due to chronic compression: the role of signal intensity changes in magnetic resonance images. J Neurosurg Spine 6, 17–22.

[41] Fernandez de Rota JJ,

[42] Meschian S,

[43] Fernandez de Rota A,

[44] Urbano V,

[45] Baron M

[46] ↵
Vedantam A,
Jonathan A,
Rajshekhar V
(2011) Association of magnetic resonance imaging signal changes and outcome prediction after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 15, 660–666.

[47] Vedantam A,

[48] Jonathan A,

[49] Rajshekhar V

[50] ↵
Avadhani A,
Rajasekaran S,
Shetty AP
(2010) Comparison of prognostic value of different MRI classifications of signal intensity change in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine J 10, 475–485.

[51] Avadhani A,

[52] Rajasekaran S,

[53] Shetty AP

[54] ↵
Shin JJ,
Jin BH,
Kim KS,
Cho YE,
Cho WH
(2010) Intramedullary high signal intensity and neurological status as prognostic factors in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 152, 1687–1694.

[55] Shin JJ,

[56] Jin BH,

[57] Kim KS,

[58] Cho YE,

[59] Cho WH

[60] ↵
Mummaneni PV,
Kaiser MG,
Matz PG,
Anderson PA,
Groff M,
Heary R,
et al.
(2009) Preoperative patient selection with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and electroencephalography: does the test predict outcome after cervical surgery? J Neurosurg Spine 11, 119–129.

[61] Mummaneni PV,

[62] Kaiser MG,

[63] Matz PG,

[64] Anderson PA,

[65] Groff M,

[66] Heary R,

[67] et al.

[68] ↵
Papadopoulos CA,
Katonis P,
Papagelopoulos PJ,
Karampekios S,
Hadjipavlou AG
(2004) Surgical decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: correlation between operative outcomes and MRI of the spinal cord. Orthopedics 27, 1087–1091.

[69] Papadopoulos CA,

[70] Katonis P,

[71] Papagelopoulos PJ,

[72] Karampekios S,

[73] Hadjipavlou AG

[74] ↵
Rajshekhar V,
Kumar GS
(2005) Functional outcome after central corpectomy in poor-grade patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy or ossified posterior longitudinal ligament. Neurosurgery 56, 1279–1285.

[75] Rajshekhar V,

[76] Kumar GS

[77] ↵
Matsunaga S,
Sakou T,
Taketomi E,
Komiya S
(2004) Clinical course of patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: a minimum 10-year cohort study. J Neurosurg 100, 3 Suppl Spine, 245–248.

[78] Matsunaga S,

[79] Sakou T,

[80] Taketomi E,

[81] Komiya S

[82] ↵
Alafifi T,
Kern R,
Fehlings M
(2007) Clinical and MRI predictors of outcome after surgical intervention for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neuroimaging 17, 315–322.

[83] Alafifi T,

[84] Kern R,

[85] Fehlings M

[86] ↵
Nurick S
(1972) The natural history and the results of surgical treatment of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis. Brain 95, 101–108.

[87] Nurick S

[88] ↵
Macdonald RL,
Fehlings MG,
Tator CH,
Lozano A,
Fleming JR,
Gentili F,
et al.
(1997) Multilevel anterior cervical corpectomy and fibular allograft fusion for cervical myelopathy. J Neurosurgery 86, 990–997.

[89] Macdonald RL,

[90] Fehlings MG,

[91] Tator CH,

[92] Lozano A,

[93] Fleming JR,

[94] Gentili F,

[95] et al.

[96] ↵
Choi S,
Lee SH,
Lee JY,
Choi WG,
Choi WC,
Choi G,
et al.
(2005) Factors affecting prognosis of patients who underwent corpectomy and fusion for treatment of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: analysis of 47 patients. J Spinal Disord Techn 18, 309–314.

[97] Choi S,

[98] Lee SH,

[99] Lee JY,

[100] Choi WG,

[101] Choi WC,

[102] Choi G,

[103] et al.

[104] ↵
Uchida K,
Nakajima H,
Sato R,
Kokubo Y,
Yayama T,
Kobayashi S,
et al.
(2005) Multivariate analysis of the neurological outcome of surgery for cervical compressive myelopathy. J Orthop Sci 10, 564–573.

[105] Uchida K,

[106] Nakajima H,

[107] Sato R,

[108] Kokubo Y,

[109] Yayama T,

[110] Kobayashi S,

[111] et al.

[112] ↵
Yamazaki T,
Yanaka K,
Sato H,
Uemura K,
Tsukada A,
Nose T
(2003) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: surgical results and factors affecting outcome with special reference to age differences. Neurosurgery 52, 122–126.

[113] Yamazaki T,

[114] Yanaka K,

[115] Sato H,

[116] Uemura K,

[117] Tsukada A,

[118] Nose T

[119] ↵
Fujiwara K,
Yonenobu K,
Ebara S,
Yamashita K,
Ono K
(1989) The prognosis of surgery for cervical compression myelopathy. An analysis of the factors involved. J Bone Joint Surg Br 71, 393–398.

[120] Fujiwara K,

[121] Yonenobu K,

[122] Ebara S,

[123] Yamashita K,

[124] Ono K

[125] ↵
Singh A,
Choi D,
Crockard A
(2009) Use of walking data in assessing operative results for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: long-term follow-up and comparison with controls. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34, 1296–1300.

[126] Singh A,

[127] Choi D,

[128] Crockard A

[129] ↵
Karpova A,
Arun R,
Davis AM,
Kulkarni AV,
Massicotte EM,
Mikulis DJ,
et al.
(2013) Predictors of surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 38, 392–400.

[130] Karpova A,

[131] Arun R,

[132] Davis AM,

[133] Kulkarni AV,

[134] Massicotte EM,

[135] Mikulis DJ,

[136] et al.

[137] ↵
Yukawa Y,
Kato F,
Yoshihara H,
Yanase M,
Ito K
(2007) MR T2 image classification in cervical compression myelopathy: predictor of surgical outcomes. Spine (Phila PA 1976) 32, 1675–1679.

[138] Yukawa Y,

[139] Kato F,

[140] Yoshihara H,

[141] Yanase M,

[142] Ito K

[143] ↵
Ohshio I,
Hatayama A,
Kaneda K,
Takahara M,
Nagashima K
(1993) Correlation between histopathologic features and magnetic resonance images of spinal cord lesions. Spine 18, 1140–1149.

[144] Ohshio I,

[145] Hatayama A,

[146] Kaneda K,

[147] Takahara M,

[148] Nagashima K

[149] ↵
Ramanauskas WL,
Wilner HI,
Metes JJ,
Lazo A,
Kelly JK
(1989) MR imaging of compressive myelomalacia. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13, 399–404.

[150] Ramanauskas WL,

[151] Wilner HI,

[152] Metes JJ,

[153] Lazo A,

[154] Kelly JK

[155] ↵
Fox JL,
Wener L,
Drennan DC,
Manz HJ,
Won DJ,
Al-Mefty O
(1988) Central spinal cord injury: magnetic resonance imaging confirmation and operative considerations. Neurosurgery 22, 340–347.

[156] Fox JL,

[157] Wener L,

[158] Drennan DC,

[159] Manz HJ,

[160] Won DJ,

[161] Al-Mefty O

[162] ↵
Morio Y,
Teshima R,
Nagashima H,
Nawata K,
Yamasaki D,
Nanjo Y
(2001) Correlation between operative outcomes of cervical compression myelopathy and mri of the spinal cord. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26, 1238–1245.

[163] Morio Y,

[164] Teshima R,

[165] Nagashima H,

[166] Nawata K,

[167] Yamasaki D,

[168] Nanjo Y

[169] ↵
Nurick S
(1972) The pathogenesis of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis. Brain 95, 87–100.

[170] Nurick S

[171] Payne EE,
Spillane JD
(1957) The cervical spine;an anatomico-pathological study of 70 specimens (using a special technique) with particular reference to the problem of cervical spondylosis. Brain 80, 571–596.

[172] Payne EE,

[173] Spillane JD

[174] ↵
Burrows EH
(1963) The sagittal diameter of the spinal canal in cervical spondylosis. Clin Radiol 14, 77–86.

[175] Burrows EH

[176] Tsurumi T,
Goto N,
Shibata M,
Goto J,
Kamiyama A
(2005) A morphological comparison of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: MRI and dissection findings. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 81, 119–122.

[177] Tsurumi T,

[178] Goto N,

[179] Shibata M,

[180] Goto J,

[181] Kamiyama A

[182] ↵
Chiewvit P,
Tritrakarn SO,
Phawjinda A,
Chotivichit A
(2011) Predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging in cervical spondylotic myelopathy in prognostic surgical outcome. J Med Assoc Thai 94, 346–354.

[183] Chiewvit P,

[184] Tritrakarn SO,

[185] Phawjinda A,

[186] Chotivichit A

[187] ↵
Bucciero A,
Vizioli L,
Tedeschi G
(1993) Cord diameters and their significance in prognostication and decisions about management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Sci 37, 223–228.

[188] Bucciero A,

[189] Vizioli L,

[190] Tedeschi G

[191] Ebersold MJ,
Pare MC,
Quast LM
(1995) Surgical treatment for cervical spondylitic myelopathy. J Neurosurg 82, 745–751.

[192] Ebersold MJ,

[193] Pare MC,

[194] Quast LM

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